There are echoes of this in early telephone research. An article by John Mills titled, "Communication with Electrical Brains," in *Bell Telephone Quarterly* from 1934 may give you some additional research fodder and an earlier time frame for consideration. Best, Emily On Wed, Aug 25, 2021 at 12:48 PM Allan Olley <allan.olley@utoronto.ca> wrote:
Hello, I don't think anyone has mentioned two early fictional works that might display some relevant ideas. The first one is the 1946 short story "A Logic Named Joe" which imagines something like a computer using networked repositories of information and responding to distant quiries, but I have no read the story and I am not sure if two or more machines ever collaborate beyond information storage and retrival. This story is rather celebrated and easily found in various places. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Logic_Named_Joe Slighlty later is the 1954 Year of Consent which imagines a 1990 USA taken over by advertising executives with the help of powerful computers that institute a surveillance society with computers doing such things as facial recognition and administering lie detector enabled interrogations. At one point the protaganist needs to evade the facial recognition and relies on rather crude methods to do relying on the fact that facial recognition is first done by less powerful, more easily fooled, local computers and only when they fail are such jobs passed up to the giant brain in DC that can not be so easily stymied. This book was never republished and is somewhat obscure, but can be found at specialized libraries and I think is cheap as a used book. Based on those fictional examples my sense would be the idea of networked computers was in the air even in the late 40s and early 50s. A relevant World War II era technology that the US government commissioned were machines that could convert punched cards (used in IBM accounting machines) into teletype (used in telegraphy) and teletype into punched cards. I assume this was used to ease the collection and sending of data for inventory/logistical type calculations, although one can imagine other uses may have occured such as collecting weather information that might be used in caclualtion. Given this long history of sending machine readable information over wire (and presumably via wireless telegraphy/radio through the air) I think the idea of both remote operation of computers (ie using a teletype to control a computer some distance away) and even having multiple computers collaborate on a calculation effort/program etc. may have come very easily. https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/vintage/vintage_4506VV4003.html -- Yours Truly, Allan Olley, PhD
http://individual.utoronto.ca/fofound/
On Tue, 24 Aug 2021, Douglas Lucas wrote:
Dear SIGCIS members,
I'm a freelance writer/journalist who's published in multiple news
and who's lurked on this email list for some time. The past several months, I've been reading a great dealing about Alan Turing and the math behind Computable Numbers (fundamental theorem of arithmetic, Gödel encoding, etc). A fairly straightforward question occurred to me, one I hope this list can help answer:
As is well known, Turing's 1936 paper Computable Numbers invented the concept of a universal machine, which includes what today would be called an airgapped computer. For quite a while, all computers (universal machines) were airgapped devices. The historical casual chain is clear: first the idea documented in Computable Numbers came into existence, and only later are physical computers actually built, initially as standalone, airgapped devices.
But how did plugging computers into one another with wires/cables begin? Did a thinker first conceive of a profound idea underpinning wired/cabled networking, and then only later, engineers implemented that concept in the physical realm? Or, did
hooking computers up to one another, perhaps experimentally, and then a
subsequently created an idea to describe/frame what was happening (maybe a mathematical graph theory or something)?
To put it another way, in terms of a simple standardized test-like verbal analogy, Computable Numbers is to airgapped computers as ??? is to wired/cabled networking of computers.
I omit wireless connections (e.g., Bluetooth) for the time being.
Thanks much,
Doug Lucas
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