On a larger note, both games and microworlds in AI can be usefully seen as instances of the larger Cold War “closed world” discourse that Paul Edwards writes about in The Closed World. Edwards, Paul N. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America. Inside Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996. Wargaming and scenarios and operations research are all wrapped up together in this and was a particular concern of the military-industrial-academic complex and thus not surprising that MIT is a major area where it appears. RAND Corporation was also a center of this kind of thinking, and that’s where Herbert Simon, Allen Newell, and Cliff Shaw were when they created the Logic Theory Machine. Prior to that they had also developed a chess program that made use of heuristics. It could probably be argued that games are just one instance of microworlds or perhaps predated the idea but became a paradigm case of microworlds as that notion was developed. I’m eager to see what you discover!
On Mar 31, 2021, at 12:49 PM, Hansen Hsu <hansnhsu@gmail.com> wrote:
Hi Javier,
I think there probably is a significant relationship between AI research on games and microworlds. For microworlds, I’d look into the blocks world research that was done at MIT, particularly that of Terry Winograd. MIT was also where Spacewar! was created by Steve Russell, and there was also significant early chess research done there by a group led by Alan Kotok, student of John McCarthy, and later by Richard Greenblatt. Both ideas are in the air among MIT’s CS researchers in the 1960s, so there has to be some connection.
I have a couple of blog posts on AI in chess and Go up at the Computer History Museum blog: https://computerhistory.org/blog/ai-and-play-part-1-how-games-have-driven-tw... <https://computerhistory.org/blog/ai-and-play-part-1-how-games-have-driven-two-schools-of-ai-research/> https://computerhistory.org/blog/ai-and-play-part-2-go-and-deep-learning/ <https://computerhistory.org/blog/ai-and-play-part-2-go-and-deep-learning/> The content itself may not be as useful to you as the links to various other resources in our collection, including videos of our oral histories and events related to chess, including oral histories of Kotok and Greenblatt. These also have links to our online chess exhibit, which itself has links to some items and video clips in our collection on chess. https://www.computerhistory.org/chess/ <https://www.computerhistory.org/chess/>
You can search our collection here: https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/search/ <https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/search/>
Critical AI researcher Phil Agre’s book Agre, Philip E. Computation and Human Experience. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. makes an explicit connection between microworlds and games as he uses the microworld of the videogame Pengi to test an AI to play the game. This is a bit later than the 1960s though.
On Mar 31, 2021, at 10:41 AM, Javier Poveda F <jpovedaf@gmail.com <mailto:jpovedaf@gmail.com>> wrote:
Dear all,
My name is Javier Ramiro Poveda Figueroa, PhD candidate in history of science at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. I am interested in the study of history and philosophy of computing from the 1930s until the 1990s. I am researching in the relationship between early computing games like chess and checkers with microworlds. For that reason, I am searching literature that can help me to understand whether microworlds and early computing games have are related or not. I would like to know if you have any information about the problem I am working with. Your help will be valuable.
Kind regards,
Javier Poveda Figueroa. _______________________________________________ This email is relayed from members at sigcis.org <http://sigcis.org/>, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/ <http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/> and you can change your subscription options at http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org <http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org>