A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions. <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> [2988.jpg] Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> theguardian.com<https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> Dag ----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043 “History is a vast early warning system.” — Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990). Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into the lone genius narrative template as “the real father of computing.” So as a PSA for the work I did a few years ago with Mark Priestley on this topic, those looking to learn more might consult: * Contextualizing Colossus. That’s the organizational side of the story in Technology & Culture, based in the archival materials, focused on the relationship between Bletchley Park and Dollis Hill. The clearest effort to pull back from individuals to look at this as an institutional relationship. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592 * Colossus and Programmability. From IEEE Annals, this one digs in to the questions of whether Colossus was programmable and whether it was a computer. There’s a British stamp that says it was both, but we conclude it was neither. But we couldn’t find an existing definition of “programmable” so we had to grapple with what that even meant at the time. https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe * Tommy Flowers biography from IEEE Annals. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180 * Colossus Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing. One of the my CACM contributions, written in a more general way and also taking aim at the Imitation Game movie. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994 * Colossus the Missing Manual. That’s the technical report with the in-depth description of the Colossus architecture, its sequence of operations and what all the controls did. There are also several documented Colossus configurations. https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3 Perhaps unsurprisingly the world mostly shrugged at these and went on with the ritual retelling of the story of snubbed genius. It was nice, though, making my first visit to Bletchley Park earlier this year to have the chance to introduce myself to the volunteer Colossus operators who turned out to have been making extensive use of the Missing Manual. Rather a specialized audience, but a committed one! Best wishes, Tom Thomas Haigh Professor & Chair, UWM History Department Chair, IEEE Computer Society History Committee Director, ACM History Committee Turing Awards Project See more at <http://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom> www.tomandmaria.com/Tom From: Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> On Behalf Of Dag Spicer via Members Sent: Monday, October 20, 2025 12:49 PM To: members@lists.sigcis.org Subject: [SIGCIS-Members] Tommy Flowers A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions. <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> theguardian.com Dag ----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043 “History is a vast early warning system.” — Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990). Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe
Just adding this to Thomas's list, in case someone less steeped in this particular history joins later and wants even more sources. Here are Flowers' own words on the subject from 1983 (IEEE is down right now, likely due to the AWS outage): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf /Morten Morten Bay, Ph.D. Lecturer Research fellow, Center for the Digital Future Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism University of Southern California On Oct 20, 2025 at 12:56 PM -0700, thomas.haigh--- via Members <members@lists.sigcis.org>, wrote: The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into the lone genius narrative template as “the real father of computing.” So as a PSA for the work I did a few years ago with Mark Priestley on this topic, those looking to learn more might consult: * Contextualizing Colossus. That’s the organizational side of the story in Technology & Culture, based in the archival materials, focused on the relationship between Bletchley Park and Dollis Hill. The clearest effort to pull back from individuals to look at this as an institutional relationship. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSh8elCch$> * Colossus and Programmability. From IEEE Annals, this one digs in to the questions of whether Colossus was programmable and whether it was a computer. There’s a British stamp that says it was both, but we conclude it was neither. But we couldn’t find an existing definition of “programmable” so we had to grapple with what that even meant at the time. https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgt11rdJ$> * Tommy Flowers biography from IEEE Annals. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSlAYKXzT$> * Colossus Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing. One of the my CACM contributions, written in a more general way and also taking aim at the Imitation Game movie. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqStUPVAWp$> * Colossus the Missing Manual. That’s the technical report with the in-depth description of the Colossus architecture, its sequence of operations and what all the controls did. There are also several documented Colossus configurations. https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSvHmb_I4$> Perhaps unsurprisingly the world mostly shrugged at these and went on with the ritual retelling of the story of snubbed genius. It was nice, though, making my first visit to Bletchley Park earlier this year to have the chance to introduce myself to the volunteer Colossus operators who turned out to have been making extensive use of the Missing Manual. Rather a specialized audience, but a committed one! Best wishes, Tom Thomas Haigh Professor & Chair, UWM History Department Chair, IEEE Computer Society History Committee Director, ACM History Committee Turing Awards Project See more at www.tomandmaria.com/Tom<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgRgMYXa$> From: Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> On Behalf Of Dag Spicer via Members Sent: Monday, October 20, 2025 12:49 PM To: members@lists.sigcis.org Subject: [SIGCIS-Members] Tommy Flowers A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions. <image001.jpg> Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSt_1EG6a$> theguardian.com<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSt_1EG6a$> Dag ----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043 “History is a vast early warning system.” — Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990). Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSuaQi_nV$>
The "forgotten hero" trope is interesting. It's a good media hook, and it doesn't obey common logic. Very often, publicising a "forgotten hero" doesn't force a revision of the perceived forgotten-ness, but actually intensifies it. This effect can't go on indefinitely, but its limits are only occasionally reached: Alan Turing is an example. Since /The Imitation Game/ came out in 2014, the narrative "once forgotten, now recognised" has become dominant. Yet I remember there were still "forgotten" narratives appearing as late as the centenary commemorations in 2012, at which point Turing was already one of the most famous scientific figures in history. Tommy Flowers, who was honoured in his lifetime and has received about as many formal tributes and commemorations as any other important innovator in his home country, looks set to remain one of the famous forgotten. It's not a case of being known to specialists but not the general public: he makes a good public hero, fitting the narrative of skilled working man made good that was laid down in Dava Sobel's /Longitude/, and it's usually for general audiences that his significance is being newly discovered at any given date. Notably, he was – alongside Bill Tutte, likewise a permanent revelation – the subject of a 2011 BBC documentary on "Bletchley Park's Lost Heroes <https://clp.bbcrewind.co.uk/7fd3fb55e462db0867b183729c5ed27c>". The comment here (#17) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Ftv%2F2011%2F10%2Fww2-documentaries-agent-zigzag-dambusters.shtml> from a 2011 viewer describing it as "a better-late-than-never tribute" sums up the general air of a historical wrong finally righted. The odd thing is that the new piece by Andrew Smith <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> that re-rights this wrong is, for most of its length, relatively attentive to the scale and complexity of the project and the inappropriateness of "lone hero" judgments. With two or three exceptions, the problematic framing is confined to the first two paragraphs – though these, of course, are what prime the reader's response. It sometimes feels like the "forgotten hero" hook is a tax writers pay in order to be allowed to deliver the detail. I was interested to see a letter from Jonathan Michie <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/oct/17/the-teamwork-behind-bletchley-parks-colossus-computer>, son of Donald, responding to Smith's piece. He points out – as is also clear from the piece shared by Morten – that Flowers himself framed innovation as a group and incremental effort, and ties this understanding to a defence of broad humanistic education against the "relevant skills only" approach, which certainly relies on the assumption that heroic innovators Just Are. Best James On 20/10/2025 21:08, Morten Bay via Members wrote:
Just adding this to Thomas's list, in case someone less steeped in this particular history joins later and wants even more sources. Here are Flowers' own words on the subject from 1983 (IEEE is down right now, likely due to the AWS outage): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf [ieeexplore.ieee.org] <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!F21idSc2gdmfspE5FUyXNBtNdMu6hQ9KxNbtJxC-ECLoGEJlX3Egazh8hrGW9kIuet3tm7k59XA0JX6ItvIxfGK2FNF-QQ$> /Morten
Morten Bay, Ph.D. Lecturer Research fellow, Center for the Digital Future Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism University of Southern California On Oct 20, 2025 at 12:56 PM -0700, thomas.haigh--- via Members <members@lists.sigcis.org>, wrote:
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into the lone genius narrative template as “the real father of computing.”
So as a PSA for the work I did a few years ago with Mark Priestley on this topic, those looking to learn more might consult:
* /Contextualizing Colossus/. That’s the organizational side of the story in /Technology & Culture/, based in the archival materials, focused on the relationship between Bletchley Park and Dollis Hill. The clearest effort to pull back from individuals to look at this as an institutional relationship. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSh8elCch$> * /Colossus and Programmability/. From /IEEE Annals/, this one digs in to the questions of whether Colossus was programmable and whether it was a computer. There’s a British stamp that says it was both, but we conclude it was neither. But we couldn’t find an existing definition of “programmable” so we had to grapple with what that even meant at the time. https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgt11rdJ$> * Tommy Flowers biography from /IEEE Annals/. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSlAYKXzT$> * /Colossus Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing/. One of the my CACM contributions, written in a more general way and also taking aim at the Imitation Game movie. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqStUPVAWp$> * Colossus the Missing Manual. That’s the technical report with the in-depth description of the Colossus architecture, its sequence of operations and what all the controls did. There are also several documented Colossus configurations. https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSvHmb_I4$>
Perhaps unsurprisingly the world mostly shrugged at these and went on with the ritual retelling of the story of snubbed genius. It was nice, though, making my first visit to Bletchley Park earlier this year to have the chance to introduce myself to the volunteer Colossus operators who turned out to have been making extensive use of the Missing Manual. Rather a specialized audience, but a committed one!
Best wishes,
Tom
Thomas Haigh
Professor & Chair, UWM History Department
Chair, IEEE Computer Society History Committee
Director, ACM History Committee Turing Awards Project
See more at www.tomandmaria.com/Tom <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgRgMYXa$>
*From:* Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> *On Behalf Of* Dag Spicer via Members *Sent:* Monday, October 20, 2025 12:49 PM *To:* members@lists.sigcis.org *Subject:* [SIGCIS-Members] Tommy Flowers
A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions.
<image001.jpg>
Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSt_1EG6a$>
Dag
----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043
“History is a vast early warning system.”
— Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990).
Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSuaQi_nV$>
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The "forgotten hero" trope is interesting. It's a good media hook, and it doesn't obey common logic. Very often, publicising a "forgotten hero" doesn't force a revision of the perceived forgotten-ness, but actually intensifies it.
I think there's another reason why this sort of story recurs every N years. Well, two reasons really: firstly, tech journalists need to find something to write about every week, and secondly, they are aware that every few years they have a new generation of readers who genuinely have never heard of some particular "hero". So a new version of the Flowers story, or the Lovelace story, or whoever, appears from time to time. Regards/Ngā mihi Brian Carpenter On 21-Oct-25 21:19, James Sumner via Members wrote:
The "forgotten hero" trope is interesting. It's a good media hook, and it doesn't obey common logic. Very often, publicising a "forgotten hero" doesn't force a revision of the perceived forgotten-ness, but actually intensifies it.
This effect can't go on indefinitely, but its limits are only occasionally reached: Alan Turing is an example. Since /The Imitation Game/ came out in 2014, the narrative "once forgotten, now recognised" has become dominant. Yet I remember there were still "forgotten" narratives appearing as late as the centenary commemorations in 2012, at which point Turing was already one of the most famous scientific figures in history.
Tommy Flowers, who was honoured in his lifetime and has received about as many formal tributes and commemorations as any other important innovator in his home country, looks set to remain one of the famous forgotten. It's not a case of being known to specialists but not the general public: he makes a good public hero, fitting the narrative of skilled working man made good that was laid down in Dava Sobel's /Longitude/, and it's usually for general audiences that his significance is being newly discovered at any given date.
Notably, he was – alongside Bill Tutte, likewise a permanent revelation – the subject of a 2011 BBC documentary on "Bletchley Park's Lost Heroes <https://clp.bbcrewind.co.uk/7fd3fb55e462db0867b183729c5ed27c>". The comment here (#17) <https://www.bbc.co.uk/webarchive/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fblogs%2Ftv%2F2011%2F10%2Fww2-documentaries-agent-zigzag-dambusters.shtml> from a 2011 viewer describing it as "a better-late-than-never tribute" sums up the general air of a historical wrong finally righted.
The odd thing is that the new piece by Andrew Smith <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies> that re-rights this wrong is, for most of its length, relatively attentive to the scale and complexity of the project and the inappropriateness of "lone hero" judgments. With two or three exceptions, the problematic framing is confined to the first two paragraphs – though these, of course, are what prime the reader's response. It sometimes feels like the "forgotten hero" hook is a tax writers pay in order to be allowed to deliver the detail.
I was interested to see a letter from Jonathan Michie <https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/oct/17/the-teamwork-behind-bletchley-parks-colossus-computer>, son of Donald, responding to Smith's piece. He points out – as is also clear from the piece shared by Morten – that Flowers himself framed innovation as a group and incremental effort, and ties this understanding to a defence of broad humanistic education against the "relevant skills only" approach, which certainly relies on the assumption that heroic innovators Just Are.
Best James
On 20/10/2025 21:08, Morten Bay via Members wrote:
Just adding this to Thomas's list, in case someone less steeped in this particular history joins later and wants even more sources. Here are Flowers' own words on the subject from 1983 (IEEE is down right now, likely due to the AWS outage): https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf [ieeexplore.ieee.org] <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf__;!!PDiH4ENfjr2_Jw!F21idSc2gdmfspE5FUyXNBtNdMu6hQ9KxNbtJxC-ECLoGEJlX3Egazh8hrGW9kIuet3tm7k59XA0JX6ItvIxfGK2FNF-QQ$> /Morten
Morten Bay, Ph.D. Lecturer Research fellow, Center for the Digital Future Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism University of Southern California On Oct 20, 2025 at 12:56 PM -0700, thomas.haigh--- via Members <members@lists.sigcis.org>, wrote:
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into the lone genius narrative template as “the real father of computing.”
So as a PSA for the work I did a few years ago with Mark Priestley on this topic, those looking to learn more might consult:
* /Contextualizing Colossus/. That’s the organizational side of the story in /Technology & Culture/, based in the archival materials, focused on the relationship between Bletchley Park and Dollis Hill. The clearest effort to pull back from individuals to look at this as an institutional relationship. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSh8elCch$> * /Colossus and Programmability/. From /IEEE Annals/, this one digs in to the questions of whether Colossus was programmable and whether it was a computer. There’s a British stamp that says it was both, but we conclude it was neither. But we couldn’t find an existing definition of “programmable” so we had to grapple with what that even meant at the time. https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgt11rdJ$> * Tommy Flowers biography from /IEEE Annals/. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSlAYKXzT$> * /Colossus Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing/. One of the my CACM contributions, written in a more general way and also taking aim at the Imitation Game movie. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqStUPVAWp$> * Colossus the Missing Manual. That’s the technical report with the in-depth description of the Colossus architecture, its sequence of operations and what all the controls did. There are also several documented Colossus configurations. https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSvHmb_I4$>
Perhaps unsurprisingly the world mostly shrugged at these and went on with the ritual retelling of the story of snubbed genius. It was nice, though, making my first visit to Bletchley Park earlier this year to have the chance to introduce myself to the volunteer Colossus operators who turned out to have been making extensive use of the Missing Manual. Rather a specialized audience, but a committed one!
Best wishes,
Tom
Thomas Haigh
Professor & Chair, UWM History Department
Chair, IEEE Computer Society History Committee
Director, ACM History Committee Turing Awards Project
See more at www.tomandmaria.com/Tom <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgRgMYXa$>
*From:* Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> *On Behalf Of* Dag Spicer via Members *Sent:* Monday, October 20, 2025 12:49 PM *To:* members@lists.sigcis.org *Subject:* [SIGCIS-Members] Tommy Flowers
A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions.
<image001.jpg>
Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSt_1EG6a$>
Dag
----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043
“History is a vast early warning system.”
— Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990).
Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSuaQi_nV$>
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_______________________________________________ This email is relayed from members at sigcis.org, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/ and you can change your subscription options at http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org
On a date to be determined, but likely in 2026, an IEEE Milestone for the Colossus <https://ieeemilestones.ethw.org/Milestone-Proposal:Colossus> will be dedicated in the UK. I worked with 4 British technologists on this project. _________________________ Brian A. Berg / bberg@StanfordAlumni.org Berg Software Design - LinkedIn Profile <https://www.linkedin.com/in/brianaberg/> 180 Lithia Way, Suite 201, Ashland, OR 97520 USA 14500 Big Basin Way, Suite J, Saratoga, CA 95070 USA Voice: 408.741.5010 / Cell: 408.568.2505 Consulting: Flash Memory/USB/Storage/Patents FMS Technical Chair: www.FutureMemoryStorage.com IEEE Milestones Subcommittee <https://www.ieee.org/about/history-center/history-committee.html> Past Chair IEEE Region 6 <https://ieee-region6.org/about-us/region-6-officers/> History/Milestones Chair Curator: www.SiliconValleyMilestones.com IEEE SCV Section <http://www.ieee.org/scv/> Past Chair / IEEE-CNSV <http://www.CaliforniaConsultants.org> Board Director Co-Organizer: Celebrating 50 Years of the Internet <https://www.linkedin.com/posts/ieee_ieee-activity-7221529803944771586-HB7S/> _________________________ Brian Berg FMS Technical Chair 408.568.2505 brian.berg@FutureMemoryStorage.com www.FutureMemoryStorage.com On Mon, Oct 20, 2025 at 1:12 PM Morten Bay via Members < members@lists.sigcis.org> wrote:
Just adding this to Thomas's list, in case someone less steeped in this particular history joins later and wants even more sources.
Here are Flowers' own words on the subject from 1983 (IEEE is down right now, likely due to the AWS outage):
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5488650/4640706/04640709.pdf
/Morten
Morten Bay, Ph.D. Lecturer Research fellow, Center for the Digital Future Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism University of Southern California On Oct 20, 2025 at 12:56 PM -0700, thomas.haigh--- via Members < members@lists.sigcis.org>, wrote:
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into
The Guardian piece is nicely written, but I sighed a little to see another retelling of the story that adds nothing new. There’s also something ironic in attempting to challenge the long genius myth of Turing by squeezing Flowers himself into the lone genius narrative template as “the real father of computing.”
So as a PSA for the work I did a few years ago with Mark Priestley on this topic, those looking to learn more might consult:
- *Contextualizing Colossus*. That’s the organizational side of the story in * Technology & Culture*, based in the archival materials, focused on the relationship between Bletchley Park and Dollis Hill. The clearest effort to pull back from individuals to look at this as an institutional relationship. https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://muse.jhu.edu/article/763592__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSh8elCch$> - *Colossus and Programmability*. From *IEEE Annals*, this one digs in to the questions of whether Colossus was programmable and whether it was a computer. There’s a British stamp that says it was both, but we conclude it was neither. But we couldn’t find an existing definition of “programmable” so we had to grapple with what that even meant at the time. https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2018/04/08509146/17D45WgziNe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgt11rdJ$> - Tommy Flowers biography from *IEEE Annals*. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8356180__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSlAYKXzT$> - *Colossus Genius: Tutte, Flowers, and a Bad Imitation of Turing*. One of the my CACM contributions, written in a more general way and also taking aim at the Imitation Game movie. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3018994__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqStUPVAWp$> - Colossus the Missing Manual. That’s the technical report with the in-depth description of the Colossus architecture, its sequence of operations and what all the controls did. There are also several documented Colossus configurations. https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3 <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://mediarep.org/entities/book/f1548ef2-2420-4c93-9b09-4fadcc847bd3__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSvHmb_I4$>
Perhaps unsurprisingly the world mostly shrugged at these and went on with the ritual retelling of the story of snubbed genius. It was nice, though, making my first visit to Bletchley Park earlier this year to have the chance to introduce myself to the volunteer Colossus operators who turned out to have been making extensive use of the Missing Manual. Rather a specialized audience, but a committed one!
Best wishes,
Tom
Thomas Haigh
Professor & Chair, UWM History Department
Chair, IEEE Computer Society History Committee
Director, ACM History Committee Turing Awards Project
See more at www.tomandmaria.com/Tom <https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.tomandmaria.com/Tom__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSgRgMYXa$>
*From:* Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> *On Behalf Of* Dag Spicer via Members *Sent:* Monday, October 20, 2025 12:49 PM *To:* members@lists.sigcis.org *Subject:* [SIGCIS-Members] Tommy Flowers
A great story… Flowers’ career was full of brilliant inventions.
<image001.jpg>
Move over, Alan Turing: meet the working-class hero of Bletchley Park you didn’t see in the movies <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/oct/12/move-over-alan-turing-meet-the-working-class-hero-of-bletchley-park-you-didnt-see-in-the-movies__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSt_1EG6a$>
Dag
----- Dag Spicer Senior Curator Computer History Museum Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing ACM History Committee 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View CA 94043
“History is a vast early warning system.”
— Norman Cousins, American journalist (1915-1990).
Join our Mailing List here: https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe <https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://info.computerhistory.org/subscribe__;!!LIr3w8kk_Xxm!uNOcMVJs9rathWpIiGQHwn6FsR-I3hUTvgyR8xG6xHVUQAV4CjsiCg7GhO8Z_cJ2GVEGlRTQSsHqSuaQi_nV$>
_______________________________________________ This email is relayed from members at sigcis.org, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/ and you can change your subscription options at http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org
participants (6)
-
Brian Berg -
Brian E Carpenter -
Dag Spicer -
James Sumner -
Morten Bay -
thomas.haigh＠gmail.com