It's a contested subject. But you might want to see the work of Gary Urton (Harvard) or Michael Hudson (Missouri @ Kansas City).

Hope this helps 

Bernardo 

(Northumbria)



Dear colleagues:

The Romans used the abacus for calculations and recorded the results with Roman numerals.

The Incas recorded the values with quipus and calculated with yupanas.

Does anyone know how they calculated with these tools?

Many thanks.

Best wishes,

Herbert Bruderer

--

Bruderer Informatik

Seehaldenstrasse 26

Postfach 47

CH-9401 Rorschach

Switzerland

Telefon +41 71 855 77 11

Bruderer, Herbert [2020a]: Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 3^rd edition 2020, 2 volumes, 2113 pages, 715 illustrations, 151 tables, https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783030409739

Bruderer, Herbert [2020b]: Meilensteine der Rechentechnik, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin/Boston, 3. Auflage 2020, Band 1, 970 Seiten, 577 Abbildungen, 114 Tabellen, https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567028?rskey=xoRERF&result=7

Bruderer, Herbert [2020c]: Meilensteine der Rechentechnik, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin/Boston, 3. Auflage 2020, Band 2, 1055 Seiten, 138 Abbildungen, 37 Tabellen, https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567221?rskey=A8Y4Gb&result=4

 

 

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