A decade before the web began taking the
rest of us online, France was fully connected. By 1984 six million
citizens were reading newspapers, sending emails, buying train tickets,
paying taxes and engaging in scandalous chat on the Minitel system. That
usage grew to over half of the country's population of 60 million by
the early 1990s, most tapping away on home terminals offered for free by
the French phone company. At its peak there were over 25,000 sites to
choose from, and the system wasn’t fully shut down until 2012. How did
this first mass online world emerge, and shape the internet we use
today? Why did Minitel and its parent Videotex standard fail beyond
France—and what lessons does that history hold for today’s online
pioneers?