Dear David,
In addition to the already mentioned literature, you could have a look to this: Stephanie Dick has written a highly recommendable overview of the state of the art in the recently published A Companion to the History of American Science (Blackwell)[chapter "Computer Science"]. It includes, if I recall right, references to Mark Priestley's A Science of Operations, the classic work of Michael Mahoney's "The Search for a Mathematical Theory", the most recent work on the stored-program concept by Tom Haigh and Mark Priestley, as well as the sociological analysis provided by Nathan Ensmenger and Janet Abbate in their respective books. William Aspray's dissertation "From Mathematical Constructivity to Computer Science" is still very valuable and should be added to this list, as well as Liesbeth de Mol's extensive and original work on Post.
Hope this helps!