Hi Guy,

I'm loving your work on these early Whirlwind programs! I've only dipped a toe into the early WW archives, but here's a couple of comments that are probably more like questions to the list ...

Surely WW inherited its real-time control ambitions from the original aim to built an analogue flight simulator? So when they switched to a digital approach, they inherited an RTC problematic that was quite distinct from the more purely computational ambitions of the other late-40s computer projects. I'm struck in reading the project reports, for example, that analogue-to-digital conversion, for example, is a big topic that doesn't appear anywhere else. And I think the flight simulator plan wasn't given up until 1947 or 1948?

Also possibly of interest is the air traffic control project that they started in 1949 (intriguingly led for a while by Gordon Welchman, of Bletchley Park fame). Perhaps this was in part motivated by the obvious crossover to defence applications. I haven't followed it far enough to see what happened, but they started out investigating how to convert radar data to plane coordinates, and something called "maintaining private line communication" with aircraft. All of which sounds like grist to the interception program's mill.

So while I've nothing really to add to the great comments of the other respondants, I wonder if digging deeper into the background both of WW and MIT might "demystify" to some extent the novelty of applying a digital machine to real-time control.

Mark

On Fri, 23 Apr 2021 at 21:41, Guy Fedorkow <guy.fedorkow@gmail.com> wrote:

Greetings Colleagues,
   I've been working on restoring a 1951 Whirlwind program, written at
MIT, used to demonstrate real-time tracking of aircraft with radar for
the purposes of guiding an interception (the Cold War was in full flight
in the 1950's). This work ultimately led to the massive SAGE air
defense network in the US.
   You can see some rather informal preliminary notes on the work at
https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/WW-Track-while-Scan-Draft-Notes-v1.pdf
   The program does work in simulation; you can see a four-minute video
of the simulator running an intercept at
https://www.historia-mollimercium.com/whirlwind/Track-while-scan-Apr-23-2021.mp4
   Spoiler alerts: The original really did display moving dots on a CRT,
but the graphics are "spartan" to say the least. And nothing in
particular happens when the intercept actually happens.

   Would anyone know of contemporaneous work involving digital computers
for either radar tracking or real-time computing around 1951? I think
all the familiar digital computers from those years were used in
applications where batch operation was perfectly acceptable, e.g.,
computing ballistics tables.
   Innovations like this rarely occur in a complete vacuum, but I don't
see references to any similar digital computing projects.
   If anyone has pointers, do let me know!
Thanks
Guy Fedorkow

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