<div dir="ltr">Not finding materials does not mean they don't exist, just that they (1) have not been found or (2) are kept in the offices and files of corporate lawyers and the firms with which they outsourced patent work (a very common practice). <div><br></div><div> JimCortada</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Fri, Apr 5, 2024 at 11:06 AM Julie Cohn via Members <<a href="mailto:members@lists.sigcis.org">members@lists.sigcis.org</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div>Brian - your finding - or lack thereof - is interesting in and of itself. Thoughts about why? -Julie<div><br id="m_3185637207485312004lineBreakAtBeginningOfMessage"><div>
<div dir="auto" style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div dir="auto" style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><div><div style="text-align:start;text-indent:0px">Julie Cohn, Ph.D.<br><br>Non-Resident Scholar, Center for Energy Studies<br>Baker Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, and<br>Research Historian, Center for Public History<br>University of Houston<br><br><a href="https://www.bakerinstitute.org/expert/julie-cohn" target="_blank">https://www.bakerinstitute.org/expert/julie-cohn</a></div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-variant-caps:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px">email: <a href="mailto:cohnconnor@gmail.com" target="_blank">cohnconnor@gmail.com</a><br>cell: 713.516.0849</div><div style="color:rgb(0,0,0);letter-spacing:normal;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-variant-caps:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px"><br>Author:<span> <b><i>T</i></b></span><i><b>he Grid: Biography of an American Technology</b></i><b><span> </span>(MIT Press, 2017)</b><br><a href="https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/grid" target="_blank">https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/grid</a><br><br></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Apr 5, 2024, at 5:59 AM, Brian Randell via Members <<a href="mailto:members@lists.sigcis.org" target="_blank">members@lists.sigcis.org</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt">Hi Evan:<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt">Many thanks to you and the others who have sent us encouraging comments about our paper, either via SIGCIS or by direct email.<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt">I strongly agree with your suggestion that  “</span>There could be a paper on the topic of failed patent defences in computer history”. However, this would need expertise in patent law and literature, so is not something I or my colleagues would attempt.<span> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We did search for relevant online material about computer patents, but just about everything we found was either about software patenting, or just the ENIAC patent dispute – we failed to find anything useful about the overall roles that patents played during the development of the early computers and the beginnings of the computer industry, in any country.<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Cheers<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Brian<span> </span><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><div><div><div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica">—<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica">School of Computing, Newcastle University, 1 Science Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5TG<u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica">EMAIL =<span> </span><a href="mailto:Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk</a><span> </span>  PHONE = +44 191 208 7923<u></u><u></u></span></div></div></div></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica">URL = <span> </span><a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html</a></span><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u><u></u></span></div><div style="margin:0cm;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0cm 0cm 12pt 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">On 28/03/2024, 13:28, "Evan Koblentz" <<a href="mailto:evank@njit.edu" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">evank@njit.edu</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Hello Brian,<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Excellent reading!<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">There could be a paper on the topic of failed patent defenses in computer history. Comparing Triumph vs. Zuse and Honeywell vs. Rand might be especially interesting.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">--<span> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Evan Koblentz<span> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">New Jersey Institute of Technology<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">- Senior Writer, Office of Communications and Marketing<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">- Adjunct Instructor, Ying Wu College of Computing<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">- Faculty/Staff Advisor, NJIT Lego Club<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:evank@njit.edu" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">evank@njit.edu</a><span> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:evank@njit.edu" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">evank@njit.edu</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">(973) 596-3065<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="https://web.njit.edu/~evank" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://web.njit.edu/~evank</a><span> </span><<a href="https://web.njit.edu/~evank/%3e" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://web.njit.edu/~evank/></a><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">On 3/28/24 6:19 AM, Brian Randell via Members wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Dear SIGCIS: I trust I might be permitted to publicise here the fact that the paper: "How Percy Ludgate’s 1909 paper (and IBM) helped thwart Konrad Zuse’s Computer Patent in 1960" by Brian Coghlan, Ralf Buelow and myself has been<span> </span><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Dear SIGCIS:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">I trust I might be permitted to publicise here the fact that the paper:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">"How Percy Ludgate’s 1909 paper (and IBM) helped thwart Konrad Zuse’s Computer Patent in 1960"<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">by Brian Coghlan, Ralf Buelow and myself has been accepted for publication in the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. It is due to appear in Volume 46, Issue 3, July-September 2024.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Paper Abstract:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">"This investigation outlines how Percy Ludgate’s 1909 paper describing his design for a mechanical computer, his “Analytical Machine”, was used in 1960 by a German patent attorney to thwart Konrad Zuse’s computer patent, just in time, as the patent (first applied for on 16th June 1941), was about to be granted. This narrative is then followed by analyses of, and discovery of proof of, the role of IBM in preventing Zuse from getting what would have been the premier patent on the concept of a programmable computer, and then by an exploration of how information about Ludgate’s 1909 paper was found by (or for) the opposing German patent attorney."<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">The accepted paper is available online at:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk131.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk131.html</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk131.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A0ySd2RE$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk131.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A0ySd2RE$</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">In addition, English translations of all the relevant Zuse patent litigation documents are provided onlne (side-by-side with transcriptions of the German originals from the<span> </span><a href="http://zib.de/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">ZIB.de</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/ZIB.de__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-AVjGhNW8$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://ZIB.de__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-AVjGhNW8$</a>> Zuse Archive file as interleaved PDF documents), together with a large number of other supporting documents, at:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk610.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk610.html</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk610.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A1AL-4cc$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.scss.tcd.ie/SCSSTreasuresCatalog/ludgate/lnk610.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A1AL-4cc$</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Quoting from our paper's Concluding Remarks:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">"The very fact that Ludgate’s 1909 paper on his Analytical Machine was employed to thwart Zuse’s attempt to patent the computer refutes the prevalent assumption that Ludgate had no influence on modern computing, and that his work is just of historical interest. Whatever the scale of their influence, patents can impact the commercial activities in the sector they apply to. Hence Ludgate’s paper clearly did have a potential influence on the commercial future of computers, even if his work was unknown to the developers of the early electronic computers. However, we have deliberately avoided speculating on the types or the extent of the possible commercial consequences, either to Zuse’s company, or to the rest of the computer industry, of the thwarting of Zuse’s attempts to obtain what would have been the first patent on a programmable computer."<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">We would however be interested to receive informed comments on this issue, and also suggestions as to any further avenues we might pursue in attempting to identify exactly how information on Ludgate's work reached the opposing patent attorney.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Cheers<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">Brian Randell<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">—<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">School of Computing, Newcastle University, 1 Science Square, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 5TG<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">EMAIL =<span> </span><a href="mailto:Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk</a><span> </span><mailto:<a href="mailto:Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk</a>> PHONE = +44 191 208 7923<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">URL =<span> </span><a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A2tXNJHw$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.ncl.ac.uk/computing/staff/profile/brianrandell.html__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-A2tXNJHw$</a>><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt;font-size:12pt;font-family:Aptos,sans-serif">_______________________________________________ This email is relayed from members at<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATNjONmY$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATNjONmY$</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATNjONmY$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATNjONmY$</a>> , the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATi5mk8s$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATi5mk8s$</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATi5mk8s$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-ATi5mk8s$</a>> and you can change your subscription options at<span> </span><a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-AhWOepcE$" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQgg!Jhyad10DYlVOoIhqVZZA5iRZs8-2WgSHhPRrg1EetT9B2y2laW9tf_CxITrpdvuWUY91MVTBQ2-AhWOepcE$</a><<a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__http:/lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org__;!!DLa72PTfQg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This email is relayed from members at <a href="http://sigcis.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">sigcis.org</a>, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/</a> and you can change your subscription options at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org</a><br>
</blockquote></div><br clear="all"><div><br></div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>James W. Cortada</div><div>Senior Research Fellow</div>
<div>Charles Babbage Institute</div><div>University of Minnesota</div>
<div><a href="mailto:jcortada@umn.edu" target="_blank">jcortada@umn.edu</a></div>
<div>608-274-6382</div></div></div>