<html><head><meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body dir="auto">Hello Herbert <div>It's a contested subject. But you might want to see the work of Gary Urton (Harvard) or Michael Hudson (Missouri @ Kansas City).</div><div>Hope this helps </div><div>Bernardo </div><div>(Northumbria)<br><br><div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone. Please excuse my brevity.</div><div dir="ltr"><br><blockquote type="cite">On 6 Feb 2022, at 03:59, herbert.bruderer@bluewin.ch wrote:<br><br></blockquote></div><blockquote type="cite"><div dir="ltr"><p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">Dear colleagues:
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">The Romans used the abacus for calculations and recorded the results with Roman numerals.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">The Incas recorded the values with quipus and calculated with yupanas.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style=""><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">Does anyone know how they calculated with these tools?
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<p class="MsoNormal"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">Many thanks.
<o:p></o:p></font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">Best wishes,</font></p><p class="MsoNormal"><font face="trebuchet ms, sans-serif" size="3">Herbert Bruderer</font></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 3.0pt 17.0pt;text-indent: -17.0pt;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;">Bruderer, Herbert [2020a]: Milestones in Analog and Digital Computing, Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Cham, 3<sup>rd</sup> edition 2020, 2 volumes, 2113 pages, 715 illustrations, 151 tables, </span><span lang="DE-CH"><a href="https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783030409739"><span lang="DE" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;color: blue;mso-ansi-language: DE;">https://www.springer.com/de/book/9783030409739</span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;mso-ansi-language: DE;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 3.0pt 17.0pt;text-indent: -17.0pt;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;">Bruderer, Herbert [2020b]: Meilensteine der Rechentechnik, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin/Boston, 3. Auflage 2020, Band 1, 970 Seiten, 577 Abbildungen, 114 Tabellen, </span><span lang="DE-CH"><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567028?rskey=xoRERF&result=7"><span lang="DE" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;color: blue;mso-ansi-language: DE;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567028?rskey=xoRERF&result=7</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;">
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<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="margin: 0.0cm 0.0cm 3.0pt 17.0pt;text-indent: -17.0pt;line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;">Bruderer, Herbert [2020c]: Meilensteine der Rechentechnik, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin/Boston, 3. Auflage 2020, Band 2, 1055 Seiten, 138 Abbildungen, 37 Tabellen, </span><span lang="DE-CH"><a href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567221?rskey=A8Y4Gb&result=4"><span lang="DE" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;color: blue;mso-ansi-language: DE;mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/567221?rskey=A8Y4Gb&result=4</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman" , serif;">
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