<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Dear Paul,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I actually don’t think that’s an inappropriate use of the term and that term has certainly evolved in popular use to this extent. I would also say that it has grown in its uses in technical application. It may seem like a blob from one perspective but for Facebook, the system that decides a post’s position based on predictions is very much a “well-defined, finite set of steps that produces an unambiguous result.” They get exactly what they want by feeding data into that algorithm and getting a result that they can then apply to their business practices. I think that in this day and age a conception of how algorithms are conceived, executed and worked has to be more expansive as technologies are increasingly integrated into complex formulaic processes such as these. For example, I am certain that there is some level of AI built into Facebook's algorithm and therefore a level of complexity that seems “blob-like” but nonetheless is conceived and executed with the goal of unambiguous (at least from their perspective) algorithmic results by Facebook’s engineers.<br class=""><div class="">
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text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div dir="auto" style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class=""><br class=""></font></span></div><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class=""><font class=""><font color="#000000" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">Safiya Noble’s book blows this out even further as she argues for </span></font><i style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">Algorithms of Oppression. </i><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-style: normal;" class="">Noble highlights that</span><font color="#000000" class=""> embedded social biases actually integrate themselves into the construction of computer-based algorithms. They embed themselves in such a way that we could say that these biases become acceptable cultural practices that integrate themselves into those “well-defined, finite steps of steps” if we start analyzing choices made in the construction of algorithms from a sociological as well as technical outlook. </font></font></span></div><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class=""><font class=""><font color="#000000" class=""><br class=""></font></font></span></div><div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class=""><font class=""><font color="#000000" class="">And as far as whether people should consider some algorithms as something threatening. That probably wouldn’t necessarily be a bad thing at this point. I know that despite a long held skepticism towards all things Facebook even I have been shocked about some of the blatant abuses that are being revealed over the last few weeks.</font></font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class=""><br class=""></font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class="">Looking forward to further conversation.</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class=""><br class="Apple-interchange-newline">Cheers,</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class="">Kimon</font></span></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font class=""><b class="">Kimon Keramidas, Ph.D.</b></font></span><br class=""><font class="" color="#431579">Clinical Associate Professor,</font><font class="" color="#431579" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </font><a href="http://as.nyu.edu/xe.html" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">XE: Experimental Humanities & Social Engagement</font></a><br class=""><font color="#431579" class="">Affiliated Faculty, Program in International Relations</font></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><font color="#431579" class=""><br class=""></font></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><font color="#431579" class=""><b class="">Pronouns:</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><font color="#000000" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class="">He/Him</font><br class=""></font><br class=""><span class=""><font color="#431579" class=""><b class="">New York University</b></font><br class=""></span><font class="" color="#818790" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">14 University Place<br class="">New York, NY 10003</font><br class=""><br class=""><font color="#431579" class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><b class="">Co-Director</b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></font>-<span class="Apple-converted-space" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> </span><a href="http://dh.itmo.ru/en_about" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">ITMO University International Digital Humanities Research Center</font></a></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><font color="#431579" class=""><b class="">Co-Founder</b></font> - <a href="http://jitpedagogy.org" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">The Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy</font></a></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><b class=""><font color="#431579" class="">Co-Founder </font></b>- <a href="http://nycdh.org/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">NYCDH</font></a></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><span class=""><font class=""><b class=""><font color="#431579" class="">E </font></b></font></span><a href="mailto:kimon.keramidas@nyu.edu" class=""><font color="#818791" class="">kimon.keramidas@nyu.edu</font></a></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><b class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font color="#431579" class="">W</font></b> <a href="http://kimonkeramidas.com" class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><font color="#818790" class="">http://kimonkeramidas.com</font></a><br class=""><br class=""><b class="" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><i class=""><font color="#431579" class="">The Sogdians: Influencers on the Silk Roads</font></i></b></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><a href="https://www.freersackler.si.edu/sogdians" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">Exhibition</font></a></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><br class=""></div><div style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; text-decoration: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;"><b class="" style="font-size: 12px;"><i class=""><font color="#431579" class="">The Interface Experience: Forty Years of Personal Computing</font><br class=""></i></b><a href="https://www.bgc.bard.edu/gallery/exhibitions/10/the-interface-experience" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-weight: normal;" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">Exhibition</font></a><br class=""><br class=""><font class="" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-size: 12px;"><b class=""><i class=""><font color="#431579" class="">The Interface Experience: A User’s Guide</font><br class=""></i></b><b class="">Winner</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>of the<b class="" style="font-weight: normal;"> </b><b class="">2016 Innovation in Print Design Award</b> from the <b class="">American Alliance of Museums</b></font><br class=""><a href="http://store.bgc.bard.edu/the-interface-experience-a-users-guide-by-kimon-keramidas/" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);" class=""><font color="#818790" class="">Buy Book</font></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
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<div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Oct 27, 2021, at 7:52 PM, Ceruzzi, Paul <<a href="mailto:CeruzziP@si.edu" class="">CeruzziP@si.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><meta charset="UTF-8" class=""><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">This headline came from today's<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Washington Post</i>, in a long above-the-fold article about Facebook's policies in determining what users see when they "like" a post. The article does not define the word, but describes an algorithm as "...a system that decides on a post's position on the news feed based on predictions about each user's preferences and tendencies." That sounds to me like a complex piece of software, with perhaps hundreds of lines of code, that takes in a lot of variables and produces a potentially wide range of outputs. It conjures up an image of something sinister and menacing. Not what Knuth defined as an "algorithm" in Volume One of his<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Art of Computer Programming</i>. His definition has been refined over the years, but it retains the notion of a well-defined, finite set of steps that produces an unambiguous result.</div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Should we be bothered that the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">Post</i> (and I assume other newspapers) are not using the term properly? Are people now going to think of an "algorithm" as something threatening, like<span style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); display: inline !important;" class=""> "The Blob" in that famous Steve McQueen movie</span>? </div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Paul Ceruzzi</div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class=""><br class=""></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;" class="">Tom Haigh & Paul Ceruzzi,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i class="">A New History of Modern Computing</i> (MIT Press 2021) </div><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">This email is relayed from members at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://sigcis.org/" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">sigcis.org</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. 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