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A couple of random observations:</div>
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Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system for the IBM PC was based on Seattle Computer Products "86-DOS," written for the Intel 8086 platform. SCP internally called it "QDOS" for "Quick and Dirty Operating System."</div>
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At the Second History of Programming Languages conference, I recall Fred Brooks describing a system as a "clean machine," but I can't recall what he was referring to! Not sure whether he was aware of, or deliberately referring to, the line from the Beatles'
"Penny Lane" (the Beatles were describing a fire engine). In the lull between responding to calls, firefighters spend a lot of time keeping their equipment clean and in tip-top shape.</div>
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I believe that the "clean room" was first developed in the early 1960s at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, for assembly of atomic weapons. But there may be earlier examples. (Reference:
<i>Electronics</i>, February 4, 1985, p. 38)</div>
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Best, </div>
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Paul Ceruzzi</div>
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<i>A New History of Modern Computing</i>, MIT Press, forthcoming </div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Members <members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org> on behalf of Rachel Plotnick <rachelplotnick2012@u.northwestern.edu><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Saturday, September 4, 2021 8:53 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Ben Peters <bjpeters@gmail.com><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Sigcis <members@sigcis.org><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [SIGCIS-Members] Origins of "clean" code</font>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="line-height:12.0pt; background:#FFEB9C"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif; color:#9C6500">External Email - Exercise Caution</span></b></p>
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<div dir="ltr">Hi all,
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<div>I've been working on the question of cleanliness in computing for the past couple of years - and am now contextualizing it in a larger project on cleanliness and media technologies. I don't have a specific answer on the origin of "clean code," but my initial
thought is that it fits into a much broader discourse about the ways that we talk about things being "clean" or "dirty" as a metaphor or skeuomorph in so many technological contexts. In the running list I've been keeping specifically for computing, I've documented:</div>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean install</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean design</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean copy</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean room (physical and coding)</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean code</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean images</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean interface</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean the registry</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Disk Clean Up</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dirty data</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dirty PC (not vetted to be virus-free)</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Dirty download/dirty files</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Digital janitors</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Trash and recycling bin icons</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Computer virus</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Clean desktop/clutter</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Zero inbox</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">And there are likely many more examples. I'm also looking at how questions of physical cleaning - of monitors, mouse, keyboard, desk, hard drive, disks - also take on great importance
in computing. Some of my recent interest has been in the ways that clean room language came into conflict with computer rooms and then multi-purpose offices by challenging what human-machine hygiene meant. I've published a chapter in an edited volume,
<i>Computer Architectures</i>, that provides some preliminary thoughts: <a href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780429264306-7%2Funclean-human-machine-interface-rachel-plotnick&data=04%7C01%7Cceruzzip%40si.edu%7C75a9c03c125b496abc1708d96fa305a1%7C989b5e2a14e44efe93b78cdd5fc5d11c%7C0%7C0%7C637663569290048382%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=fu1xlnC2RqnXhOFpF6JakDzQvbZSECvZSaGhtVoRKhc%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429264306-7/unclean-human-machine-interface-rachel-plotnick" shash="gO3CPKiqtDap4irjZCl4UVgl1IgAj00BIteMnpPh0byINGBVOrS8NNn957LiKqPKGpudK32+vhKczPB7JL2zHY2RLa45ITxiQ29nMHWMSufPik6N1iiYiHhB2PreAGwYIbiFQoqqzFOcP44aWTnUPwSIVj4FUvP/fj5PDEWB+uA=">https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429264306-7/unclean-human-machine-interface-rachel-plotnick</a> </p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This is a great question and I'm always happy to talk more about it and hear others' thoughts!</p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Regards,</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Rachel Plotnick</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Assistant Professor, Cinema and Media Studies</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Indiana University Bloomington</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:raplotni@iu.edu">raplotni@iu.edu</a> </p>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Sat, Sep 4, 2021 at 12:16 AM Ben Peters <<a href="mailto:bjpeters@gmail.com">bjpeters@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="auto">The excellent media historian Rachel Plotnick has done at least a talk touching on “clean”:
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<div><a href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blog.shanedenson.com%2F%3Fp%3D5027&data=04%7C01%7Cceruzzip%40si.edu%7C75a9c03c125b496abc1708d96fa305a1%7C989b5e2a14e44efe93b78cdd5fc5d11c%7C0%7C0%7C637663569290058375%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=UT%2BWMe3QIO2V8yTo2iuPwwpLPff6gUHNnebD1cpUimE%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.blog.shanedenson.com/?p=5027" shash="upgGWVDPpSmiKOt6iofoDppATe/AArIH0TjiSB2b186W1o0aBVhPE8r/hf/xyhrU81EhSnr9Xu+u/k2sizqvM4ytRQcdDvVOkl0qW+xMPbh9lxcM2EFeYJDCnqqbUpQLXjAUGoYjp/zSQvWPB78DiM38lNEQ2O2HDBdrXT6aPKA=" target="_blank">https://www.blog.shanedenson.com/?p=5027</a></div>
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<div>No doubt there are other resources as well, <br>
<br>
Ben</div>
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<div>Benjaminpeters.org</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Sent from my iPhone</div>
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<blockquote type="cite">On Sep 3, 2021, at 19:24, MikeWillegal <<a href="mailto:mike@willegal.net" target="_blank">mike@willegal.net</a>> wrote:<br>
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<div dir="ltr">I would suggest you review the many meanings of clean in a dictionary. Among them included in
<a href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fmerriam-webster.com%2F&data=04%7C01%7Cceruzzip%40si.edu%7C75a9c03c125b496abc1708d96fa305a1%7C989b5e2a14e44efe93b78cdd5fc5d11c%7C0%7C0%7C637663569290058375%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=hObHN9lYIZsqi%2Bld7UqGKeRoizFv3ja1OtoLhUH%2FMao%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="http://merriam-webster.com/" shash="yqK2yv1gx77sWgZZ1FnbxMCkyHuyLQ0s8prNW8yzp0CKbnP8GWdkD+QTGX05GhDTIv3RR+8fajaBM5eXueW5P+zLIeaYD8fJM39px6k4n51ht5QRKADc4t6N6CCXtSabE5wQ2reFCCuuYrBjpJn4eqWDSyFTRtMx19Tdl5ocV94=" target="_blank">
Merriam-Webster.com</a> are …
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<div><span style="color:rgb(48,51,54); font-family:"Open Sans",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; letter-spacing:0.2px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">1 b. free from contamination or disease</span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb(48,51,54); font-family:"Open Sans",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; letter-spacing:0.2px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">6 a. relatively free from error or blemish</span></div>
<div><span style="color:rgb(48,51,54); font-family:"Open Sans",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:18px; letter-spacing:0.2px; background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">7 a. characterized by clarity and precision</span><br>
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<div>So I would suggest that regardless of the origin of usage of the word clean in computer science, this adjective is, in fact, quite useful and appropriate. Of course, there are probably more cases than not where it could be argued whether a particular
piece of code is clean or not. If there is a disagreement between observers, the substitution of a different adjective is not likely to change anybody’s opinion.</div>
<div><br>
</div>
<div>regards,</div>
<div>Mike Willegal</div>
<div><br>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>On Sep 3, 2021, at 3:19 PM, Azhar Desai <<a href="mailto:mail@azh-r.com" target="_blank">mail@azh-r.com</a>> wrote:</div>
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<div>Hi SIGCIS,<br>
<br>
I'm a software engineer, who reads & relies some of your work, to help make sense of working in the astonishingly ahistorical tech sector - so thank you!<br>
<br>
I'm interested in the origins of the word "clean" in software design. In conversations about software, people might often prefer some code over another, arguing that it's "cleaner". An example from a 2020 paper on the implementation of a VPN in Linux:<br>
<br>
<blockquote type="cite">While the Linux kernel’s crypto API has a large collection of primitives... ultimately, using raw primitives with direct, non-abstracted APIs proved to be far cleaner [1]
<br>
</blockquote>
<br>
The most famous example is the eponymously titled book "Clean Code" (2008) which proposes snippets of code that are ostensibly always preferred.<br>
<br>
Does anyone know where I might find out how the word "clean" came to be used like this in software? My reasons for asking are somewhat impure: I'm trying to discourage this not very meaningful word in favour of more precise language.<br>
<br>
One of the earliest uses I've seen of "clean" is in one of Djikstra's notes from 1974 [2] on a design for arrays in response to how ALGOL 60 had it. [2] But I have no idea if it was in common use then, or had always been in the development of programming languages
at least. I'd love to hear any thoughts.<br>
<br>
Best,<br>
Az<br>
<br>
[1] <a href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wireguard.com%2Fpapers%2Fwireguard.pdf&data=04%7C01%7Cceruzzip%40si.edu%7C75a9c03c125b496abc1708d96fa305a1%7C989b5e2a14e44efe93b78cdd5fc5d11c%7C0%7C0%7C637663569290068370%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=1fbLqxKgfPDxrKJ8%2FL1ZLBvZUkZJC%2FN2acN3YnpuB2c%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.wireguard.com/papers/wireguard.pdf" shash="oUrB/R9ksXBu8kwF0SZ/3ZR7GnxEqN0eMM7VpD/L/3RmNtm+URX+1rDX7uZaSVomDrQiQTCHOv1iLI4fbURztjHaVM6XF+FXGBxRjMHXzw83tv3WFI2VWQ8aj6d0WD69NHj0I/PKu22KVKChdEjaX65VrBW/pNQwawD8Ut95bkY=" target="_blank">
https://www.wireguard.com/papers/wireguard.pdf</a><br>
[2] <a href="https://nam02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2FEWD%2Fewd04xx%2FEWD417.PDF&data=04%7C01%7Cceruzzip%40si.edu%7C75a9c03c125b496abc1708d96fa305a1%7C989b5e2a14e44efe93b78cdd5fc5d11c%7C0%7C0%7C637663569290068370%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000&sdata=5NVnMl4c6vWK8yfR3%2BQdVq2rnJCRa7oZ8Wp1SuneZfE%3D&reserved=0" originalsrc="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd04xx/EWD417.PDF" shash="H8VlwVsya6L9Mak48Xa/dgDkuksZpBNfbm6EfBDYCw6TuJXxad1aZWjCW6whkN9rePr9KJ5jfnqXo6Ld3UcyBigW0c+lHqMOaD1fEJBxdwaPP5dPn/rou+QC4MDA086yO+c6E5YPmEZzBcAgLaNSvyBE/NqQutRWe2pKK+cJ2aM=" target="_blank">
https://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd04xx/EWD417.PDF</a><br>
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-- <br>
<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_signature">Rachel Plotnick, PhD<br>
Media, Technology and Society Program<br>
Northwestern University</div>
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