<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Agreed about Woz and the Apple II, whose initial 1977 version came with a cassette drive for storage. Its 1978 upgrade included the floppy drive, and this allowed its sales to really take off. I documented its design in this paragraph in the <a href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:Introduction_of_the_Apple_II_Computer:_1977-1978">Apple II IEEE Milestone description</a>:</div><div><br></div><i>in 1978, Apple introduced the Disk II, a 5 ¼” floppy disk drive with an expansion slot controller card that effectively supplanted its original cassette tape drive. It was a design marvel of Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak’s in that it used just six low-cost chips as compared with the dozens of chips used by other floppy disk controllers that were then on the market. The six chips required special software that was included in the Apple DOS operating system in order to perform all of the operations necessary to fully support a fully functional floppy disk drive. The software was streamlined to run in a small footprint of the machine’s limited memory space.</i><div><br></div><div>This ingenious design was incorporated in the Macintosh as the
"Integrated Woz Machine" (IWM) chip, which scored a patent, and as I documented in this paragraph in the <a href="https://ethw.org/Milestones:Apple_Macintosh_Computer">Macintosh IEEE Milestone description</a>:</div><div><br></div><div><p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 10px"><i>The Macintosh was the first large-scale (and keystone) commercial user of the Sony 3.5” micro-floppy, a drive whose hard shell and shutter protected the media as compared with the industry-standard 5.25" floppy. Wendell Sander and Bob Bailey, with help from Ron Nicholson, designed a single-chip integrated floppy controller called the "Integrated Woz Machine" (IWM) [<a href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Ref4-US4742448.pdf">Ref-4: '448 patent</a>]. The IWM chip exactly implemented the state machine of Steve Wozniak’s ingenious Apple II floppy disk controller design, which had already dramatically reduced the number of chips used as compared with earlier floppy disk controllers. This IWM chip thus maintained compatibility with older Disk II media, and also supported the faster 3.5" micro-floppy drive which used the more complex system clock of the Macintosh.<br></i><br>Sales of subsequent models of the Apple II kept Apple afloat until the Macintosh finally took off.<br><br></p><p style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px 0px 10px">Brian Berg</p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Aug 2, 2020 at 6:01 PM Evan Koblentz <<a href="mailto:evan@snarc.net">evan@snarc.net</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
<div bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
<p>Tom,</p>
<p>I agree with your thoughts here.</p>
<p>A detail: >> Wozniak himself is prouder of the Apple II and
proudest of the Apple II disk controller. You can easily buy the
former for $150 in working condition, and the latter for about $20</p>
<p>Original Apple IIs, especially the earliest revisions, are going
for four figures now among hobbyists. I've seen some as high as
$2K-$4K.</p>
<p> Even the early revisions of the II+ are getting up there in
hobbyist prices, because Apple kept selling the straight II for a
short time after the II+ introduction, thus some II+ computers are
older than some original IIs. However it's the later II+ systems
(which are most of them) and of course the //e, //c, and IIgs
which are readily available for two/three figures. Various
sub-versions go for more, such as the //e Platinum, //c Plus, and
IIgs Woz Edition.<br>
</p>
<p><br>
</p>
<div>On 8/1/20 12:37 PM,
<a href="mailto:thomas.haigh@gmail.com" target="_blank">thomas.haigh@gmail.com</a> wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote type="cite">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Hmm. I posted this as a kind of quirky head
scratching moment, but Lisa asks a valid question so let me
attempt an answer informed by our recent work on the Revised
History of Modern Computing. The “unhinged” comment referred
not to the specific seller, but to the market that might make
such a price at least somewhat plausible. (Apparently the
listing started at $1.75 million last year, so maybe a further
reduction will follow).<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">First off, the real competence to answer
this question would come from economic sociology within which
there’s a thriving group of scholars looking at the pricing
and collection of artworks. There’s a also a literature on
collections and collectors that goes back to Walter Benjamin,
and an associated steam looking at “authenticity” and the
reproduction of cultural artifacts.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Like artwork the price of the Apple 1 would
be set by collectors and auction houses guided by an
infrastructure of authentication, evaluation, and (as Debbie
shared) previous sales of similar items. Everyone involved in
that process has an incentive to see values rise. Compared to
a van Gough, Picasso, or Banksy the Apple 1 in question is
rather affordable. But unlike traditional artworks, where
uniqueness is the point, the Apple 1 is only accidentally
rare. <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So the parallel is stronger with
well-established expensive collectibles like classic
sportscars. Today’s Bloomberg reports a Ferrari sold for $3
million at auction. I assume this is the direct model being
followed with Apple 1s. There’s also the recent boom in prices
for unopened Nintendo cartridges, the fixation on pristine
condition creating an artificial scarcity for a mass produced
item for which supply generally exceeds current demand. (<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/business/video-games-wata-heritage.html" target="_blank">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/business/video-games-wata-heritage.html</a>)
Like Star Wars toys, old comics, and the former bubble in
baseball cards, I think the conventional explanation is that
rich men of a certain age want to own the things they dreamed
of having as a boy.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No child ever dreamed of having an Apple 1
and hung its poster on the wall. Actual customers quickly
traded them in for better machines. And it’s a rather ugly
bare circuit board, though the hand built wooden case that’s
also part of the eBay offering does evoke the amateur nature
of the early personal computing community. But there is
certainly a lot of money floating around the tech industry and
so (entering my actual area of expertise) the question is how
the Apple 1 became the definitive early personal computing
artifact that a museum or wealthy collector might justify
spending so much money on.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Being a famous _<i>personal</i>_ computer
certainly helps. A PDP-1 or Univac 1 would be more
historically significant and rarer, but you’d need to know
something about history to appreciate that and they are all
rather bulky. Fewer people feel personal ties to those
technologies, and for the 1950s computers their generations
have faded out. (IIRC there was a crash in Elvis memorabilia a
few years ago, as the people who cared about Elvis left the
marketplace). The Cray 1 is a lot better looking than an Apple
1, more technologically interesting (miles of hardwired
connections), and was actually expensive at the time. The one
and only prototype Cray 4 processor fetched just $37,500 when
auctioned (<a href="https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22964/lot/78/" target="_blank">https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/22964/lot/78/</a>),
and what claimed to be a piece of the Serial 001 Cray 1 from
Los Alamos failed to sell for GBP 550 (<a href="https://www.theregister.com/2010/05/24/cray_1_gate_module_ebay/" target="_blank">https://www.theregister.com/2010/05/24/cray_1_gate_module_ebay/</a>).
Some significant portions of ENIAC, which does have name
recognition, are not controlled by the Smithsonian but I don’t
think any kind of secondary market has developed for them.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Apple 1 was not, in itself, a
particularly important or successful machine. It also wasn’t a
“first” anything, except the first Apple product. It gets two
sentences in our book, which serve as a bridge from the
Homebrew Computer Club to the Apple II. The Altair 8800 was
much “firstier” and did far more to establish the personal
computer category, though people who care about such things
have documented many earlier personal computers and
microprocessor based machines. An Altair sold at auction for
$8,125 in 2017. (<a href="https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24495/lot/108/" target="_blank">https://www.bonhams.com/auctions/24495/lot/108/</a>)
Cromemcos, IMSAIS, the Processor Technology Sol, etc. were
also more visible in 1976 than the Apple 1. The Apple 1
matters because it led to the Apple II, but even that was not
the most initially important of the three mass produced
personal computers launched in 1977. The TRS-80 sold much
better for several years (allegedly until 1981). Steve Wozniak
is said to have produced an impressively efficient design, but
at the time Chuck Peddle was more renowned as a designer of
elegant circuits (having produced the MOS 6502 chip the Apple
was based on) and according to Wikipedia he also designed the
third of the 1977 trio, the Commodore Pet 2001 (currently
being auctioned on eBay for $211.50). So even the Apple II
didn’t really establish itself as _<i>the</i>_ important
machine of its generation years later. The Apple IIe, which
outsold the 1970s models many times over to account for the
bulk of Apple II sales, wasn’t launched until 1983 (well after
the IBM PC which complicates the traditional succession
story).<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rarity clearly matters (which the Apple 1
achieved by not being a particularly strong seller). Wozniak’s
cult following is important, but Wozniak himself is prouder of
the Apple II and proudest of the Apple II disk controller. You
can easily buy the former for $150 in working condition, and
the latter for about $20. The IBM PC matters a lot more to
history, but those also cost just a few hundred dollars. A
very low serial number might make a difference, but not enough
to add several zeros to the prices.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The thing that really sets the Apple 1
apart is the fact that Apple is the world’s most successful
company and many people feel a personal connection to it and
its products. A billionaire can point to it and say “The first
Apple, very rare (subtext, very expensive)” and visitors won’t
need a history lecture to appreciate the importance. The story
of Woz and Jobs in the garage has become the paradigmatic
story of innovation, told in movies, documentaries, a
bestselling books. (Misapplication of the Woz/Jobs template
crippled the first season of <i>Halt and Catch Fire</i>, so
if you haven’t seen it skip that and start with season 2).
There’s the allure of thinking that one or both handled this
circuit board in that garage. Add the rarity of its first
product to that cult following and the amount of money
percolating in Silicon Valley and you have a unique
combination of factors converging to pump up the value of a
computer that didn’t, in itself, much matter to the course of
history.<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best wishes,<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tom<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Members
<a href="mailto:members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org" target="_blank"><members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org></a> <b>On Behalf Of </b>LO*OP
CENTER, INC.<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Friday, July 31, 2020 11:34 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Deborah Douglas <a href="mailto:ddouglas@mit.edu" target="_blank"><ddouglas@mit.edu></a><br>
<b>Cc:</b> Sigcis <a href="mailto:members@sigcis.org" target="_blank"><members@sigcis.org></a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [SIGCIS-Members] eBay is selling an Apple
1 for $1.5 million<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I feel like I ought to say something in
response to this thread but I'm not sure what. Do you-all
think the first Apple 1 should be worth more than the
others? Pricing collectables is sooooo difficult.<u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Cheers,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Liza<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Fri, Jul 31, 2020 at 4:13 PM Deborah
Douglas <<a href="mailto:ddouglas@mit.edu" target="_blank">ddouglas@mit.edu</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<blockquote style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in">
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">For those who are curious here are
some of the prices paid for Apple 1 computers in the
past 6 years. <u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2014: $910,000 (Charity auction) <a href="https://www.cultofmac.com/498888/apple-history-celebration-apple-1-auction/" target="_blank">https://www.cultofmac.com/498888/apple-history-celebration-apple-1-auction/</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2016: $815,000 (Charity auction) <a href="https://www.cultofmac.com/498888/apple-history-celebration-apple-1-auction/" target="_blank">https://www.cultofmac.com/498888/apple-history-celebration-apple-1-auction/</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2018: $375,000 <a href="https://www.cnet.com/news/rare-apple-1-sells-at-auction-for-over-500-times-original-price/" target="_blank">https://www.cnet.com/news/rare-apple-1-sells-at-auction-for-over-500-times-original-price/</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2019: $470,000 <a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/28/wozniak-built-apple-1-computer-sold-for-almost-500000-at-christies.html" target="_blank">https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/28/wozniak-built-apple-1-computer-sold-for-almost-500000-at-christies.html</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">2020: $458,711.25. <a href="https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/03/13/rare-functional-apple-1-computer-sold-at-auction-for-458711" target="_blank">https://appleinsider.com/articles/20/03/13/rare-functional-apple-1-computer-sold-at-auction-for-458711</a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Debbie Douglas<u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Jul 31, 2020, at 6:24
PM, <a href="mailto:mike@willegal.net" target="_blank">mike@willegal.net</a>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I talked to Krishna a
few years ago. I don’t think he is
unhinged, but I can’t imagine any Apple 1
fetching that price, even though it
appears to be one of the nicer survivors.
It’s funny, when I first became interested
in Apple 1s, condition mattered little,
but now the market has evolved to the
point where condition seems to matter.
Note that the Henry Ford Museum paid
around 1 million dollars for an Apple 1
several years ago, though that price
hasn’t been approached since. <u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Regards,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Mike Willegal<u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br>
<u></u><u></u></p>
<blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Jul 31,
2020, at 4:05 PM, <<a href="mailto:thomas.haigh@gmail.com" target="_blank">thomas.haigh@gmail.com</a>>
<<a href="mailto:thomas.haigh@gmail.com" target="_blank">thomas.haigh@gmail.com</a>>
wrote:<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.ebay.com/i/174195921349" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://www.ebay.com/i/174195921349</span></a>.
There is at least a “Make
offer” button.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">I have to
say that this is more than a
little unhinged, possibly a
further sign (as if one were
needed) of the approach of
the end times. Though I did
recently pay $250 for a
working Apple IIe with disk
drives and monitor. Simple
mathematics suggests for a
Bezos, Musk or Zuckerberg
this would be a very much
smaller purchase relative to
net worth. <u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Full
description at <a href="http://vi.raptor.ebaydesc.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItemDescV4&item=174195921349&category=162075&pm=1&ds=0&t=1582079090000&ver=0" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">http://vi.raptor.ebaydesc.com/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItemDescV4&item=174195921349&category=162075&pm=1&ds=0&t=1582079090000&ver=0</span></a><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Also an
entry in the Apple 1
registry (which of course): <a href="https://www.apple1registry.com/en/79.html" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://www.apple1registry.com/en/79.html</span></a>.<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Best
wishes,<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
Tom<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif">_______________________________________________<br>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
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This email is relayed from members at <a href="http://sigcis.org" target="_blank">sigcis.org</a>, the
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</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black">Deborah
G. Douglas, PhD </span></b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:Helvetica-Light,serif;color:black">• Director
of Collections and Curator of Science
and Technology, MIT Museum; Research
Associate, Program in Science,
Technology, and Society • Room N51-209 •
265 Massachusetts Avenue • Cambridge, MA
02139-4307 • <a href="mailto:ddouglas@mit.edu" target="_blank">ddouglas@mit.edu</a> •
617-253-1766 telephone • 617-253-8994
facsimile • <a href="http://mitmuseum.mit.edu" target="_blank">http://mitmuseum.mit.edu</a> •
she/her/hers</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">_______________________________________________<br>
This email is relayed from members at <a href="http://sigcis.org" target="_blank">sigcis.org</a>, the email
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</blockquote>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br clear="all">
<u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">-- <u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Comic Sans MS"">Liza
Loop</span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Comic Sans MS"">Executive
Director, LO*OP Center, Inc.</span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Comic Sans MS"">Guerneville,
CA 95446</span><u></u><u></u></p>
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<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Comic Sans MS""><a href="http://www.loopcenter.org" target="_blank">www.loopcenter.org</a></span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Comic Sans MS"">650
619 1099 (between 8 am and 10 pm Pacific time
only please)</span><u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
</div>
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This email is relayed from members at <a href="http://sigcis.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">sigcis.org</a>, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/</a> and you can change your subscription options at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org</a></blockquote></div></div>