<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class="">Brian,<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">I should have recalled your paper! Its comprehensive literature survey and synthesis of an abstract model is an excellent starting point for further historical study.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Paul</div><div class=""><br class=""><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Dec 30, 2018, at 3:46 AM, Brian Randell <<a href="mailto:brian.randell@newcastle.ac.uk" class="">brian.randell@newcastle.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
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<div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">
Hi Paul:
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</div>
<div class="">Off and on over a period of several years starting in the late 60s I worked with the late Jim Horning on attempting to clarify and formalise the concept of a process, and to understand the various ways in which processes could be usefully structured
- the eventual result was a lengthy survey paper: Horning J.J., Randell B. Process Structuring. ACM Computing Surveys 1973, 5(1), 5-30.</div>
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</div>
<div class="">Quoting from this:</div>
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</div>
<div class="">"It has been said that “The concept of process is . . . an abstract one, and may be compared with that of the life of an organism; in neither case is it very easy to pin the concept down in a definition.” [36] Even a casual survey of the literature
[e.g., 3, 8-11, 13, 17, 18, 23, 28, 29, 34] shows the lack of any general agreement on a precise definition of “process.” Three distinct aspects of the process concept are emphasized in various definitions. The process concept is used to model: </div>
<div class="">1) The status of a system. </div>
<div class="">“A process is a locus of control within an instruction sequence. That is, a process is that abstract entity which moves through the instructions of a procedure as the procedure is executed by a processor.” [10] </div>
<div class="">2) Some sequence of status values. </div>
<div class="">“ . . . a ‘sequential process’ can be considered as a sequence of actions that will be performed when an input tape has been supplied to an abstract machine.” [18]</div>
<div class="">3) A means of generating a class of such sequences. </div>
<div class="">“An ALGOL program (block) specifies a sequence of operations on data local to the program, as well as the structure of the data themselves. SIMULA extends ALGOL to include the notion of a collection of such programs, called processes, conceptually
operating in parallel. . . The process concept is intended as an aid for decomposing a discrete event system into components, which are separately describable. In general a process has two aspects: it is a data carrier and it will execute actions.” [8]</div>
<div class="">Although no one of these provides a complete basis for the definition of “process”, each is important to our study, and it is helpful to use different names for each. Thus, we will refer to the “state” of a process, or to a “computation,” which
is a sequence of its states, or to the “action function,” which generates its computations. We will discuss each of the concepts in some detail, and then present what we believe to be an adequate and precise definition of “process”."</div>
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</div>
<div class="">The above referenced-publications are:</div>
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</div>
<div class="">[3] BRINCH HANSEN, P. “The nucleus of a multiprogramming system.” Comm. ACM 13, 4 (1970), 238-241, 250. </div>
<div class="">[8] DAHL, O. J., AND NYGAARD, K. “SIMULA–an ALGOL-based simulation language.” Comm. ACM 9, 9 (1966), 671-678. </div>
<div class="">[9] DENNING, P. J. “Third generation computer systems.” Computing Surveys 3, 4 (1971), 175-216. </div>
<div class="">[10] DENNIS, J. B., AND VAN HORN, E. C. “Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computations.” Comm. ACM 9, 3 (1966), 143-155. </div>
<div class="">[11] DIJKSTRA, E. W. Cooperating sequential processes. Report EWD 123, Mathematical Department, Technological University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, September 1965. [Reprinted in Programming Languages (F. Genuys Ed.) Academic Press, London, 1968.] </div>
<div class="">[13] DIJKSTRA, E. W. “The structure of the “THE” multiprogramming system.” Comm. ACM 11, 5 (1968), 341-346. </div>
<div class="">[17] GILBERT, P.; AND CHANDLER, W. J. “Interference Between Communicating. Parallel Processes.” Comm. ACM 15, 6 (1972), 427-437. </div>
<div class="">[18] HABERMANN, A. N. “On the harmonious cooperation of abstract machines.” PhD Thesis, Technological University, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 1967. </div>
<div class="">[23] LAMPSON, B. W. “A scheduling philosophy for multi-processing systems.” Comm. ACM 11, 5 (1968) 347-360. </div>
<div class="">[28] PARNAS, D. L. On identifying processes within an operating computer system. Dept. of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Pittsburgh, Pa. (unpublished). </div>
<div class="">[29] SALZTER, J. H. “Traffic control in a multiplexed computer system.” PhD Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., July 1966. </div>
<div class="">[34] VAN HORN, E. C. Computer design for asynchronously reproducible multi-processing. MIT Project MAC Technical Report, MAC-TR-34 November 1966. </div>
<div class="">[36] WILKES, M. V. Time-sharing computer systems. Macdonald & Co., London, 1968. </div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">The introduction to our chapter "Processes and Processors: Basic Definitions" started:</div>
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</div>
<div class="">"In this paper we use the concept of “process” as a mathematical tool to explain, predict, and understand the behavior of a class of physical devices exemplified by digital computer systems. These devices (which are viewed as “processors”) are
characterized by the fact that their interesting behavior is predictable, and consists of sequences of values of well-defined physical quantities (e.g., voltages on wires, magnetizations of cores, characters printed on paper), which represent the “information”
of the system at discrete instants of time. The relation of a process to a processor is similar to the relation of a theory of physics (e.g., the “law of gravitation”) to the objects of that theory (e.g., the motion of planets); the theory is useful to the
degree that it provides a sufficiently close approximation to its objects, yet remains understandable. An important difference is that processes are often developed before the processors they model exist. If a process exhibits desirable properties, then it
is generally possible to construct a corresponding processor, using the process as a specification."</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">The formal definition of process that we arrived at was:</div>
<div class=""> </div>
<div class="">"A process is a triple (S, f, s), where S is a state space, f is an action function in that space, and s is the subset of S which defines the initial states of the process."</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">I hope the above will help the present discussion on the origins of the concept.</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Cheers</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Brian Randell</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""> </div>
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</div>
<div class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On 30 Dec 2018, at 04:23, Paul McJones <<a href="mailto:paul@mcjones.org" class="">paul@mcjones.org</a>> wrote:</div>
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Laurent,
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</div>
<div class="">Edsger Dijkstra’s “Cooperating Sequential Processes" (EWD123) was written in 1965 (<a href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd01xx/EWD123.PDF" class="">http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/ewd01xx/EWD123.PDF</a>). His original paper on semaphores
(EWD35) was written in Dutch several years before that (<a href="http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD00xx/EWD35.html" class="">http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD00xx/EWD35.html</a>).</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">By 1965, the term process was becoming fairly well-known in operating systems circles. For example, in a paper presented in 1965, Jack Dennis wrote:</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<blockquote style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; border: none; padding: 0px;" class="">
Processes. We consider that the system hardware comprises one or more processors, which we can identify as being distinct from the main memory, the file storage devices and the input/output devices. Each processor is capable of executing algorithms that are
specified by sequences of instructions. A process is a locus of control within an instruction sequence. That is, a process is that abstract entity which moves through the instructions of a procedure as the procedure is executed by a processor.</blockquote>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">This is from: Jack B. Dennis and Earl C. Van Horn. 1966. Programming semantics for multiprogrammed computations. Commun. ACM 9, 3 (March 1966), 143-155. DOI=<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/365230.365252" class="">http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/365230.365252</a></div>
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">Paul</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Dec 29, 2018, at 8:09 PM, Laurent Bloch <<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a>> wrote:</div>
<br class="Apple-interchange-newline">
<div class=""><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Le
dimanche 30 décembre 2018 Grider, Gary Alan a écrit ceci :</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<blockquote type="cite" style="font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
Hasn’t there been great debate about when the first "stored program" was accomplished? Some said on Maniac by Metropolis but others disagree I think.<br class="">
</blockquote>
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">I
would say that the concept of a process may appear when there are more than one program, potentially ready to execute, and in competition to access the processor.</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<blockquote type="cite" style="font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
If that is what you are looking for I am pretty sure it was well before CTSS or Multics. I think CTSS and Multics were in pursuit of time sharing (or multiple stored programs).<br class="">
I think the first implementation of process pipes might have been Demos but that was way after CTSS days.<br class="">
<br class="">
Gary<br class="">
<br class="">
On 12/29/18, 8:37 PM, "Members on behalf of Laurent Bloch" <<a href="mailto:members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org" class="">members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org</a> on behalf of
<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a>> wrote:<br class="">
<br class="">
Le samedi 29 décembre 2018 McMillan, William W a écrit ceci :<br class="">
<br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">"..., my question was about computer processes, i.e. programs in execution ..."<br class="">
<br class="">
Laurent, do you mean process in the sense of a computer program loaded (at least partially) into primary memory, described by a process control block, and managed by an operating system? <br class="">
</blockquote>
<br class="">
Yes, it is precisely the kind of entity I am asking about. I would say it appears with CTSS or Multics, but I am not sure. Once I read the name of the creator of the concept, but I did not write it down and I forgot, hence my question.<br class="">
<br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">Or is the topic more broad than that?<br class="">
<br class="">
Bill<br class="">
<br class="">
________________________________________<br class="">
From: Members [<a href="mailto:members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org" class="">members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org</a>] on behalf of Laurent Bloch [<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a>]<br class="">
Sent: Saturday, December 29, 2018 6:03 PM<br class="">
To: James Cortada<br class="">
Cc: SIGCIS<br class="">
Subject: Re: [SIGCIS-Members] Invention of the concept of process<br class="">
<br class="">
Le samedi 29 décembre 2018 James Cortada a écrit ceci :<br class="">
<br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">It might help to give us some context for your question. For example, if<br class="">
interested in process in business, then it emerges in the late 19th century<br class="">
and in the second half of the 20th becomes process management, TQM etc. If<br class="">
in science, then it is language substituted for what otherwise we all think<br class="">
of as the scientific method. Even earlier the notions of methods and<br class="">
techniques are embodiments of the idea of process. Hence, my request for<br class="">
context. <br class="">
</blockquote>
<br class="">
Well, my question was about computer processes, i.e. programs in execution in a computer, sometimes also called tasks.<br class="">
<br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">On Sat, Dec 29, 2018 at 4:56 PM Laurent Bloch <<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a>> wrote:<br class="">
<br class="">
<blockquote type="cite" class="">Hi,<br class="">
<br class="">
Surely many of you know the answer: who invented the concept of process,<br class="">
and when?<br class="">
<br class="">
Thank you for your answers. Have a nice Sunday!<br class="">
<br class="">
--<br class="">
Laurent Bloch - <a href="https://laurentbloch.net/" class="">https://laurentbloch.net</a> -
<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a><br class="">
Si vous trouvez que l'éducation coûte cher, essayez l'ignorance !<br class="">
(A. Lincoln)<br class="">
_______________________________________________<br class="">
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</blockquote>
<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
--<br class="">
James W. Cortada<br class="">
Senior Research Fellow<br class="">
Charles Babbage Institute<br class="">
University of Minnesota<br class="">
<a href="mailto:jcortada@umn.edu" class="">jcortada@umn.edu</a><br class="">
608-274-6382 <br class="">
</blockquote>
<br class="">
<br class="">
--<br class="">
Laurent Bloch - <a href="https://laurentbloch.net/" class="">https://laurentbloch.net</a> -
<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a><br class="">
Si vous trouvez que l'éducation coûte cher, essayez l'ignorance !<br class="">
(A. Lincoln) <br class="">
</blockquote>
<br class="">
<br class="">
--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br class="">
Laurent Bloch - <a href="https://laurentbloch.net/" class="">https://laurentbloch.net</a> -
<a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a><br class="">
Si vous trouvez que l'éducation coûte cher, essayez l'ignorance !<br class="">
(A. Lincoln)<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
</blockquote>
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">--<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Laurent
Bloch -<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://laurentbloch.net/" style="font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">https://laurentbloch.net</a><span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class=""><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>-<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="mailto:lb@laurentbloch.org" style="font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;" class="">lb@laurentbloch.org</a><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">Si
vous trouvez que l'éducation coûte cher, essayez l'ignorance !</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">(A.
Lincoln)</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">_______________________________________________</span><br style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none;" class="">
<span style="caret-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Menlo-Regular; font-size: 11px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration: none; float: none; display: inline !important;" class="">This
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<div class="">School of Computing, Newcastle University, 1 Science Square, </div>
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<div class="">EMAIL = <a href="mailto:Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk" class="">Brian.Randell@ncl.ac.uk</a> PHONE = +44 191 208 7923</div>
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