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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Hello Richard,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Your message seems to me to be asserting three potential distinguishable things.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=MsoListParagraph style='color:windowtext;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'>You argue that digital computers were worse than analog ones for industrial problems<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='color:windowtext;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'>You argue that the contribution of von Neumann and the IAS computer was important only in academic areas<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='color:windowtext;margin-left:0in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'>You argue that the Californian aerospace industry was a “second birthplace of computing machines,” challenging the East Coast focus of conventional historiography.<o:p></o:p></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Those are all big and bold claims to make, so for a short presentation I would suggest focusing on just one of them. Particularly as they all seem to me rather questionable. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Analog computers have not been entirely overlooked, particularly in the book The Analogue Alternative by James S. Small but also, for example, in work by David Hemmendinger, Charles Care, etc. So the SIGCIS community is well aware that analog computers were sold commercially well into the 1960s and had significant advantages over digital machines for some applications.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>The application that von Neumann had in mind when coming up with the First Draft design for EDVAC was, more than anything else, hydrodynamic calculations for atomic weapon design. Not an entirely academic pastime, and Los Alamos was one of the major users of digital compute time in the second half of the 1940s. As for industrial use, digital computers could take on jobs already being performed with punched cards, as a result of which by the mid-1950s the balance of computer user was already shifting from scientific and technical use to business administration. Analog computers could not do clerical or accounting work.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='color:windowtext'>Your statement that “</span>The aircraft cluster found no use for the digital von Neumann machine” is just not true. <span style='color:windowtext'>Aerospace firms used analog computers, but they were also the single most important early adopters of digital computers. Several were clamoring for ENIAC time, they commissioned BINAC (one of the very first commercially supplied digital computers), and the prominent Southern Californian cluster of aerospace users of IBM’s 701 (originally called the Defense Calculator) formed PACT, which later developed into SHARE. Atsushi Akera has written about this. The story of the CPC is also well known. BRL, which commissioned ENIAC, was not an aircraft firm but it was concerned with things that fly through the air and with the flow of air around objects (including wings) at supersonic speeds. I think the aerospace industry is already reasonably prominent in the literature on computing in the 1940s and 1950s.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Thus my advice is to focus your argument on one of the areas, and to make clearer how your contribution builds on and extends existing work in the area rather than implying that these topics have previously been ignored.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Best wishes,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'>Tom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='color:windowtext'>From:</span></b><span style='color:windowtext'> Members [mailto:members-bounces@lists.sigcis.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Richard Vahrenkamp<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, July 06, 2018 1:55 AM<br><b>To:</b> members@sigcis.org<br><b>Subject:</b> [SIGCIS-Members] Criticism of von Neumann historiography<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Dear SIGCIS researchers,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Dear SIGCIS researchers,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>In my lecture at the ICOHTEC annual meeting in St. Etienne, I point to the dominance of the subject of the Neumann Computer in the historiography and show on the basis of numerous sources that in the Californian cluster of the aircraft industry, in addition to the IAS in Princeton, a second birthplace of the computing machines (mainly with analog computers) was created after 1944, which was previously considered by the research little.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>The aircraft cluster found no use for the digital von Neumann machine.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Since von Neumann's machine was merely academic and was not used in industry, John von Neumann had to invent fields of application in the future as the legitimacy of his project. He opted for meteorology - although it is not clear that analog computers could not offer solutions here as well.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Until 1960, the race between analog and digital computers in aircraft and missile industry was not decided in favor of the latter; in 1961, NASA commissioned a large general-purpose analog computer for the Saturn V project.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>My thesis of the aviation industry as the source of computing machines after 1944 can also be applied to other countries with strong aircraft industries, such as England and the Soviet Union. It was also no coincidence that Zuse‘s Z3, the first electric digital computer in Germany, was created in 1941 in the context of the Berlin aircraft industry.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>With kind regards from Berlin<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Richard Vahrenkamp<o:p></o:p></p><pre>-- <o:p></o:p></pre><pre>********************************************<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Prof. Dr. Richard Vahrenkamp<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Logistik Consulting Berlin<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Phone 0177- 628 3325<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>E-Mail: <a href="mailto:Vahrenkamp2016@gmx.de">Vahrenkamp2016@gmx.de</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Web: <a href="http://www.vahrenkamp.org">www.vahrenkamp.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre>Trendelenburgstr. 16<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>14057 Berlin<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><o:p> </o:p></pre><pre>********************************************* <o:p></o:p></pre></div></body></html>