<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class="">One of the very best examples of elaborate plans for human computers is Lewis Fry Richardson’s 1922 book about numerical weather prediction. He designed computing forms that would allow calculations of future weather to be performed in a kind of parallel-processing mode by a vast ensemble of human computers. He did a test calculation using his own forms, but it was a failure due to computational error amplification of a type no one understood at the time. <div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Richardson wrote up an elaborate (and beautifully written) scheme for a kind of stadium filled with some 64,000 human computers (interesting number, that). He called this the “forecast-factory.”<div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""> The ”factory” — really more like a numerical orchestra for global weather prediction — would have filled a vast theater with 64,000 human computers. The following three paragraphs are quoted from <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class="">LF Richardson, </span><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class="">Weather Prediction By Numerical Process (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922, p 219).</span><div class=""><div class=""><br class="">"Imagine a large hall like a theatre, except that the circles and galleries go right round through the space usually occupied by the The walls of this chamber are painted to form a map of the globe. The ceiling represents the north polar regions, England is in the gallery, the tropics in the upper circle, Australia on the dress circle and the Antarctic in the pit. A myriad computers are at work upon the weather of the part of the map where each sits, but each computer attends only to one equation or part of an equation. The work of each region is coordinated by an official of higher rank. Numerous little ‘night signs’ display the instantaneous values so that neighboring computers can read them. Each number is thus displayed in three adjacent zones so as to maintain communication to the North and South on the map. From the floor of the pit a tall pillar rises to half the height of the hall. It carries a large pulpit on its top. In this sits the man in charge of the whole theatre; he is surrounded by several assistants and messengers. One of his duties is to maintain a uniform speed of progress in all parts of the globe. In this respect he is like the conductor of an orchestra in which the instruments are slide-rules and calculating machines. But instead of waving a baton he turns a beam of rosy light upon any region that is running ahead of the rest, and a beam of blue light upon those who are behindhand.<br class=""><span style="font-size: 10pt;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class="">Four senior clerks in the central pulpit are
collecting the future weather as fast as it is being computed, and despatching
it by pneumatic carrier to a quiet room. There it will be coded and telephoned
to the radio transmitting station. Messengers carry piles of used computing
forms down to a storehouse in the cellar.<br class=""><p class="MsoQuote"><span style="font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt" class="">In a neighbouring building there is a
research department, where they invent improvements. But there is much experimenting
on a small scale before any change is made in the complex routine of the
computing theatre. In a basement an enthusiast is observing eddies in the
liquid lining of a huge spinning bowl, but so far the arithmetic proves the
better way. In another building are all the usual financial, correspondence and
administrative offices. Outside are playing fields, houses, mountains, and
lakes, for it was thought that those who compute the weather should breathe of
it freely."</span></p><div class="">Peter Lynch has a nice book on Richardson that reproduces the computing forms, and both he and I included François Schuiten’s lovely graphic representation of the forecast-factory in our respective books:</div><div class=""><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class="">Lynch, Peter. 2006. The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction: Richardson’s Dream. New York: Cambridge University Press.</span></div><div class=""><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div><div class=""><font face="Lucida Grande" class=""><span style="font-size: 11px;" class="">Edwards, PN. </span></font><i class="">A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming</i> (MIT Press, 2010)</div><div class=""><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 11px;" class=""><br class=""></span></div>
<div class=""><!--[if !supportEndnotes]-->- Paul Edwards
</div><br class=""><div><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">On Apr 19, 2015, at 10:41 , David Hemmendinger <<a href="mailto:hemmendd@union.edu" class="">hemmendd@union.edu</a>> wrote:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>Another early source, from the time-and-motion studies pioneers:<br class="">Process Charts, Frank B. Gilbreth, Lillian M. Gilbreth (1921), American<br class="">Society of Mechanical Engineers.<br class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>It's available at <a href="https://archive.org/details/processcharts00gilb" class="">https://archive.org/details/processcharts00gilb</a> .<br class="">Among its symbols are "moved by boy" and "moved by messenger boy".<br class=""><br class=""> David Hemmendinger <a href="mailto:hemmendd@union.edu" class="">hemmendd@union.edu</a><br class=""> Professor Emeritus <a href="http://athena.union.edu/~hemmendd" class="">http://athena.union.edu/~hemmendd</a><br class=""> Computer Science Dept. +1 518 346 4489<br class=""> Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308 FAX: +1 518 388 6789<br class=""><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class="">Flowcharting was borrowed from industrial engineering. You can find<br class="">examples in textbooks of the era. Henry Leffingwell's writings on office<br class="">management have some interesting diagrams that could be considered<br class="">precursors to flowcharting but they were almost certainly not known<br class="">to Goldstine et al. I would suggest looking at the Log for the penn<br class="">differential analyzer or the Ucla differential analyzer to see if they<br class="">treated problems the same way.<br class=""></blockquote>_______________________________________________<br class="">This email is relayed from members at <a href="http://sigcis.org" class="">sigcis.org</a>, the email discussion list of SHOT SIGCIS. Opinions expressed here are those of the member posting and are not reviewed, edited, or endorsed by SIGCIS. The list archives are at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/" class="">http://lists.sigcis.org/pipermail/members-sigcis.org/</a> and you can change your subscription options at <a href="http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org" class="">http://lists.sigcis.org/listinfo.cgi/members-sigcis.org</a><br class=""></div></blockquote></div><br class=""><div apple-content-edited="true" class="">
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">___________________________</span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;"><br class=""></span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;">Paul N. Edwards</span></div></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; border-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div style="font-family: 'Helvetica Neue';" class=""><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;" class="">Professor of </span><a href="http://www.si.umich.edu/" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;" class="">Information</a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;" class=""> and </span><a href="http://www.lsa.umich.edu/history/" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;" class="">History</a><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px;" class="">, University of Michigan </span></div></div></span></div></span><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); 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font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; orphans: 2; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><div style="margin: 0px;" class=""><a href="http://pne.people.si.umich.edu/vastmachine/index.html" class="">A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming</a> (MIT Press, 2010)</div><div style="margin: 0px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; font-family: Geneva; min-height: 16px;" class=""><br class=""></div></div></span></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></div></div></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span></div></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-size: 12px; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: Arial; border-spacing: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px; font-family: Geneva; min-height: 16px;" class="">Terse replies are <a href="http://five.sentenc.es/" class="">deliberate</a> (and better than nothing)<br class=""><br class=""></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class="">University of Michigan <a href="http://www.si.umich.edu/" class="">School of Information</a></div><div style="margin: 0px;" class="">4437 North Quad</div><div style="margin: 0px;" class="">105 S. 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