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Dear all<br>
<br>
When discussing this question it's interesting to compare the often
overlooked "Author's Note" at the back of Hodges' biography, the
first part of which is essentially a history of Turing's reputation
to 1983. <br>
<br>
On Hodges' account, Turing's most influential promoter by far in the
years immediately after his death was Max Newman, and the vision
that emerged was very partial, in line with Newman's mathematical
priorities: Turing the high logician, of no more than academic
interest to the growing world of practical computers. Hodges has
little time for the other main early source, Sara Turing's tribute
to her son, and suggests a standard view emerging in reference
sources in the 1960s from these two origin points alone, which
largely vested Turing's importance in his 1936 work. In discussing
what changed in the 1970s to make a reassessment possible (in which
his own contribution, of course, was key), Hodges particularly
credits Donald Michie, who was not only among the most proactive of
the several Bletchley Park veterans fighting to overturn the
longstanding secrecy, but, as the director of the Edinburgh group,
the leading spokesman for Artificial Intelligence interests in the
UK community. It would be interesting to map how closely British
appeals to Turing's name and work connected with those in the US. <br>
<br>
Two other well-known sightings of Turing, from the period of his
apparent obscurity, are worth noting: <br>
<br>
- Maboth Moseley's 1964 biography of Charles Babbage -- himself
still in the process of iconisation -- refers briefly and
unexpectedly to Turing as “another Englishman of genius” who carried
Babbage’s torch in 1936 -- in line with the Newman view, but with a
lack of supplementary detail which may suggest growing familiarity
(Moseley was editor of a computer industry review periodical);<br>
<br>
- "turingineer" and "turologist" appear in the whimsical list of
suggested terms for the emerging profession in an editorial response
to a letter to the <i>Communications of the ACM</i> in 1958.
Putting Turing and engineering in the same conceptual space (let
alone the same word) meant stepping far beyond the picture of
Turing's signficiance which Hodges indicates was standard in the
literature of the time. <br>
<br>
Finally, to follow up on Pierre's anecdote: my first regular access
to the internet came in 1995 via the Turing Room, the modest
basement IT facility of King's College Cambridge. My undergraduate
generation doubtless thought it was being hilariously original in
devising the verb "to ture" (approximately, "to check email; to
scramble together an ill-prepared essay late at night; to spend a
very long time waiting for Mosaic to load"), as had the previous
generation and, I'd guess, all subsequent generations. The room was
not especially chilly in winter, but any outer garment apparently
being worn for the purposes of turing was inevitably a turing
shroud. <br>
<br>
All best<br>
James<br>
<br>
<br>
<div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 24/12/2014 09:53, Marc Weber wrote:<br>
</div>
<blockquote
cite="mid:99BF44F8-921C-46E2-8D91-C9B2B13BBC07@webhistory.org"
type="cite">
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charset=windows-1252">
Let’s not forget his tragic early death. As with music and
literary stars, this both gives Turing's story an emotional punch
and leaves the tantalizing question of what else he might have
accomplished had he lived. An award named after a practitioner
(rather than a donor) gives a sense that recipients are somehow
following in the footsteps of the named person. If that person
died young, it’s easy to imagine that recipients are even
finishing his or her undone work.
<div class="">Far fewer figures in computer science die at the
height of their powers than in, say, rock and roll. But when
they do, the reputation-burnishing effects can be similar. Think
Ada Lovelace and Steve Jobs. In rare cases, a long life even
provides time for active self-diminishment a la William
Shockley.</div>
<div class="">Best, Marc</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
<div class=""><br class="">
</div>
<div class=""><br class="">
<div>
<blockquote type="cite" class="">
<div class="">On Dec 23, 2014, at 23:05, Ceruzzi, Paul
<<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:CeruzziP@si.edu" class="">CeruzziP@si.edu</a>>
wrote:</div>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue"
class="">Perhaps his 1950 paper “Computing
Machinery and Intelligence” also played a
role in naming the prize. It was widely read
and reprinted; it was accessible to a lay
audience; and it dovetailed nicely with the
interest in AI among ACM members in the
mid-1950s. That paper, alone, would not have
been enough to give Turing enough gravitas
for a named ACM award. But that paper, plus
his 1936 theoretical paper, plus his work on
the Pilot ACE (also well-publicized), were
more than enough: he demonstrated capability
in a wide range of computing. <o:p class=""></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue"
class=""> </span></p>
<div class="">
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid
#B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in"
class="">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><b class=""><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""
class="">From:</span></b><span
style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""
class=""> <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org"
class="">members-bounces@sigcis.org</a>
[<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org"
class="">mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org</a>]
<b class="">On Behalf Of </b>Mounier
Kuhn<br class="">
<b class="">Sent:</b> Tuesday, December
23, 2014 3:27 PM<br class="">
<b class="">To:</b> members; Dag Spicer;
Dave Walden; Alberts, Gerard; Edgar
Daylight<br class="">
<b class="">Subject:</b> Re:
[SIGCIS-Members] NY Review of Books: The
Imitation Game -- a question<o:p
class=""></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p
class=""> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">Dear friends and colleagues,</span><o:p
class=""></o:p></p>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p
class=""> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">I am quite interested in these
questions too, and curious about the (yet
unexplicited?) reasons why the ACM people
named their award after Turing. And even
more about who knew « Turing » in
continental Europe. Actually it was less a
Dr. Alan Turing who was becoming known in
the computing community than the concept
of the
<i class="">Turing machine</i>. For the
anecdote, in the 1960s a Greek student in
C.Sc. heard of this concept and spent
hours searching for the English verb "to
ture"… He is one of the authors of
« Logicomix », this splendid comics book
about the history of mathematical logic.</span><o:p
class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p
class=""> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">From what I understand, Turing
became a recognized hero through a
three-stage process:</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">1) In the mid-1960s when the ACM,
at the forefront of the struggle to get
Computing recognized as a science, chose
him to name a new award (cf. Gerard’s,
Edgar’s and Irina’s publications), making
Turing a father of a future « theoretical
computer science ».</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">2) In the mid-1970s when Her
Majesty's government disclosed some
information about Ultra: Turing, and
collectively the codebreakers at Blechtley
Park, thus became new heroes of WW2,
somehow joining the league of the
Hurricane and Spitfire pilots of the
Battle of England.</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">3) One or two decades later, in
the wake of Andrew Hodges’ book, when Alan
Turing became also a gay icon.</span><o:p
class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">This to answer the
question: « Why did we celebrated a Turing
centennial two years ago? » </span><o:p
class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p
class=""> </o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">More on early Turing readers. I
found out that a Swedish scholar, Dr. Lars
Löfgren, had presented a paper on
« Automata of High Complexity and Methods
of Increasing their Reliability by
Redundancy », at the<i class=""> Congrès
international de l’Automatique</i>,
(Paris, 18-24 June 1956), published
in 1959 in the proceedings, and again in <i
class="">Information and Control</i>,
vol. 1, n° 2, May 1958, p. 127-147. His
paper summarized and discussed Alan
Turing’s articles, « On computable numbers
[…] » (1936) et « Computing machinery and
intelligence »,
<i class="">Mind</i> (1950), and of J. von
Neumann (1951) and C.E. Shannon et J.
McCarthy (1956) on Automata. Lars Löfgren
worked for the Defense Institute in
Stockholm, and eventually became professor
of system theory at the University of Lund
in 1963. He may be tagged as a
"cybernetician". Any more information
would be welcome !</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class=""> Merry Christmas to all,</span><o:p
class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><span
style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Times","serif""
class="">Pierre</span><o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in"><o:p
class=""> </o:p></p>
<div class="">
<div class="">
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">Le 22 déc. 2014
à 19:07, Alberts, Gerard <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:G.Alberts@uva.nl"
class="">G.Alberts@uva.nl</a>> a
écrit :<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><br class="">
<br class="">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in">Dear Dave,<br
class="">
let us ask Edgar Daylight what he has to
say on this. He and I did work on
precisely this question for a while, but
our findings did not yet reach the stage
of formal publication. Basically the
impression is that the Perlis and Carr
gang, busy in creating a venue for
exchange of software ideas (Communications
of the ACM), went on to create a
professional identity. Part of such
effort, of course, is to name one's
heroes. Probably from the US perspective
pointing at the Englishman Turing was a
safe choice. There is no indication that
Turing was in any way the cult figure he
is today.<br class="">
Edgar's bold entry question at the time
was how many of the Turing awardees would
have actually read the work of Turing.<br
class="">
<br class="">
An exceptionally early, and to my
knowledge the earliest explicit computer
science continuation on Turing's 1936
article is by E.F. Moore, 'A simplified
universal Turing machine', in Proceedings
of the Association for Computing
Machinery; Meeting at Toronto, Ont. Sept
8-10, 1952 (Washington, ACM, 1952), 50-55.<br
class="">
<br class="">
Christmas thoughts,<br class="">
Gerard<br class="">
<br class="">
________________________________________<br
class="">
Van: <a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org"
class="">members-bounces@sigcis.org</a>
[<a moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org"
class="">members-bounces@sigcis.org</a>]
namens Dave Walden [<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:dave.walden.family@gmail.com"
class="">dave.walden.family@gmail.com</a>]<br
class="">
Verzonden: maandag 22 december 2014 17:39<br
class="">
Aan: Dag Spicer; members<br class="">
Onderwerp: [SIGCIS-Members] NY Review of
Books: The Imitation Game -- a question<br
class="">
<br class="">
Hi,<br class="">
With all this emphasis on Turing these
days, including the 100th<br class="">
anniversary celebration a couple of years
ago and opinions about how<br class="">
fundamental Turing was to how much that
came later, I am curious if<br class="">
anyone knows what the ACM people were
thinking when they named their<br class="">
award after Turing only a decade or so
after his death. Did they<br class="">
already see him as important historically
as he is seen today? Did<br class="">
they think he had been a brilliant many
whose life ended badly and<br class="">
who thus deserved memorializing? ...? I
suppose there may have been<br class="">
some writing in the CACM when the award
was named or first awarded,<br class="">
and I can go try to find that. In any
case, I am wondering if anyone<br class="">
knows what the committee members (or
whomever) who decided on this<br class="">
name for the award were thinking.<br
class="">
Dave<br class="">
<br class="">
<br class="">
At 11:54 AM 12/21/2014, Dag Spicer wrote:<br
class="">
<br class="">
<o:p class=""></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:.5in"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/"
class="">http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/</a><br
class="">
<br class="">
Best,<br class="">
<br class="">
Dag<br class="">
--<br class="">
Dag Spicer<br class="">
Senior Curator<br class="">
Computer History Museum<br class="">
Editorial Board, IEEE Annals of the
History of Computing<br class="">
1401 North Shoreline Boulevard<br class="">
Mountain View, CA 94043-1311<br class="">
<br class="">
Tel: +1 650 810 1035<br class="">
Fax: +1 650 810 1055<br class="">
<br class="">
Twitter: @ComputerHistory<br class="">
<br class="">
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<div style="word-wrap:
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<div class="">
<div style="margin-top: 0px;
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class="">
<div style="font-family:
Helvetica; " class=""><span
class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0,
0, 0); font-family:
Helvetica; font-style:
normal; font-variant:
normal; font-weight:
normal;
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normal; line-height:
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text-transform: none;
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widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px;
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0px;
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0px;
-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect:
none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust:
auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; "><span
class="Apple-style-span"
style="border-collapse:
separate; color:
rgb(0, 0, 0);
font-family:
Helvetica;
font-style: normal;
font-variant:
normal; font-weight:
normal;
letter-spacing:
normal; line-height:
normal; orphans: 2;
text-indent: 0px;
text-transform:
none; white-space:
normal; widows: 2;
word-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing:
0px;
-webkit-border-vertical-spacing:
0px;
-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect:
none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust:
auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width:
0px; ">
<div
style="word-wrap:
break-word;
-webkit-nbsp-mode:
space;
-webkit-line-break:
after-white-space;
" class=""><span
class="Apple-style-span"
style="border-collapse:
separate; color:
rgb(0, 0, 0);
font-family:
Helvetica;
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normal;
font-variant:
normal;
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normal;
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normal;
line-height:
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2; text-indent:
0px;
text-transform:
none;
white-space:
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2; word-spacing:
0px;
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0px;
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0px;
-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect:
none;
-webkit-text-size-adjust:
auto;
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0px; ">
<div
style="word-wrap:
break-word;
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space;
-webkit-line-break:
after-white-space;
" class="">
<div class="">
<div
style="margin-top:
0px;
margin-right:
0px;
margin-bottom:
0px;
margin-left:
0px; font:
normal normal
normal
10px/normal
Geneva; "
class=""><font
class="Apple-style-span" face="Helvetica"><span class="Apple-style-span"
style=" ">
<div
style="margin-top:
0px;
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Geneva; "
class=""><span
class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 11px;
"><a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://www.computerhistory.org/staff/Marc,Weber/" class="">Marc
Weber</a></span> | <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:marc@webhistory.org" class="">marc@webhistory.org</a> | +1
415 282 6868 </div>
<div
style="margin-top:
0px;
margin-right:
0px;
margin-bottom:
0px;
margin-left:
0px; font:
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normal
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Geneva; "
class="">Internet
History
Program
Founder and
Curator,
Computer
History
Museum
</div>
<div
style="margin-top:
0in;
margin-right:
-45pt;
margin-left:
0in;
margin-bottom:
0.0001pt; "
class=""><font
class="Apple-style-span" face="Geneva" size="2"><span
class="Apple-style-span"
style="font-size:
10px; ">1401 N
Shoreline
Blvd.,
Mountain View
CA 94043 </span></font><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="http://computerhistory.org/nethistory"
class=""><font
class="Apple-style-span" face="Geneva" size="2"><span
class="Apple-style-span"
style="font-size:
10px; ">computerhistory.org/nethistory</span></font></a></div>
<div
style="margin-top:
0px;
margin-right:
0px;
margin-bottom:
0px;
margin-left:
0px; font:
normal normal
normal
10px/normal
Geneva; "
class="">Co-founder,
Web History
Center and
Project, <a
moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://webhistory.org" class="">webhistory.org</a> </div>
</span></font></div>
</div>
</div>
</span></div>
</span></span></div>
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