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<div class=Section1>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Dear Colleagues<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>I think it may be useful to look at the
career of <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Staff</st1:PersonName>ord Beer – I only
know it in outline but the Wikipedia entry seems fairly close to what I
remember <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_Beer</a>
</span></font><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>From this you will see that Beer was interested in “management
cybernetics” rather than management science as more classically defined.
This is I think why a machine like Pegasus would have been useful to him since
he was interested in Operations <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Research</st1:PersonName>
and Mathematical models. Whatever merit may be given to the original claim
about the use of Pegasus it needs to be considered against the type of work
Beer was actually doing.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>At the time when Beer started trying to model whole national
economies (eg <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Chile</st1:place></st1:country-region>)
not surprisingly he ran out of machine power pretty quickly. In the light of
the past few months it seems doubtful that his ideas would actually have worked
no matter how powerful the computer!<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Good wishes<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:PersonName w:st="on"><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Roger Johnson</span></font></st1:PersonName><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>Dept of Computer Science & Information Systems<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><st1:PlaceName w:st="on"><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Birkbeck</span></font></st1:PlaceName><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">College</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">London</st1:place></st1:City><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=3
face="Times New Roman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'>
<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center tabindex=-1>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Tahoma><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
members-bounces@sigcis.org [mailto:members-bounces@sigcis.org] <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>Roger Neil Barton<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> 20 July 2009 15:16<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> Sigcis<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [SIGCIS-Members]
computers and management science</span></font><span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>I too have found this a very interesting
discussion. I think there's a good paper in this somewhere. Whilst
without Sandra or Tom's fundamental research background I did train in the
60s, a decade later than the subject of the question and therefore possibly
irrelevant. I have looked back at dusty old text books for this response.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>I remember in about 1970 when my employer changed from
IBM to Univac, both bureau machines. I was responsible for all the commercial
applications, which were memory hungry database oriented, while we
also used the computer for product design (process plant for petrochemicals
such as spheres), which were computation oriented. Even though the
compromises were horrendous neither of us separately could justify the expense
but combined together we could. As far as I am aware everyone then was in
the same position. In the early 70s I was a Leo user which, as Sandra
stated below, was very much oriented toward the business user. I worked
for the mainframe division of ICL in the 1970s and most sales were
oriented toward computation users as it sounds the Pegasus was. This was
also true for Ferranti Computers division which survived the ICL merger.
Ian Martin gave a very interesting paper at BSHS09 on Martins Bank and Pegasus
around about 1960 which sounded much more chaotic than most of my experiences.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>With regard to "Management Science" in the
question I regarded it with the same suspicion as everyone else. None of
my subjects were called OR. One of my final papers was called 'Management
Information and Quantative Techniques' and another 'Management Principles and
Practice'. The blurb on one of my text books 'Mathematics in Management'
describes its purpose "to provide a sound basis of knowledge about the
methods of OR now being applied in public industries and services".
We knew that's what we were studying but no one called it that. Apart
from Peter Drucker all my text books were British, which I have to say I now
find amazing.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>Searching the OED for Management Science it says "</span></font><strong><b><font
face="Times New Roman">1954</font></b><!--end_d--></strong> <i><!--start_w--><span
style='font-style:italic'>Amer. Econ. Rev.</span><!--end_w--></i> <b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>44</span></b> 1030 <!--start_qt-->A new national
society, the <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceType w:st="on">Institute</st1:PlaceType>
of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Management Sciences</st1:PlaceName></st1:place>,
has been established with the objective of unifying scientific knowledge that
contributes to the understanding and practice of management. The Institute will
publish a journal, *<i><span style='font-style:italic'>Management Science</span></i>. <strong><b><font
face="Times New Roman">1955</font></b><!--end_d--></strong> <!--start_a--><!--open_smallcaps-->H.
K<font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>OONTZ</span><!--close_smallcaps--><!--end_a--></font>
& <!--start_a--><!--open_smallcaps-->C. O'D<font size=2><span
style='font-size:10.0pt'>ONNELL</span><!--close_smallcaps--><!--end_a--></font>
<i><!--start_w--><span style='font-style:italic'>Princ. Managem.</span><!--end_w--></i>
<st1:place w:st="on"><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><!--open_smallcaps-->I</span></font>.</st1:place><!--close_smallcaps-->
i. 11 <!--start_qt-->Extension of the frontiers of management science by
increasing the efficiency of management, would unquestionably have
revolutionary impact on the cultural level of our society.<!--end_qt--><!--end_q--> "
<font face=Garamond><span style='font-family:Garamond'>For Computer Science it
reads "</span></font><strong><b><font face="Times New Roman">1956</font></b><!--end_d--><!--end_ed--></strong>
<i><!--start_ew--><!--start_w--><span style='font-style:italic'>N.Y. Times</span><!--end_w--><!--end_ew--></i>
28 Oct. <font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><!--open_smallcaps-->III</span></font>.<!--close_smallcaps-->
21 (<i><span style='font-style:italic'>advt.</span></i>) <!--start_qt-->Unparalleled
opportunities to associate with the prominent pioneers of computer science, at
outstanding salaries. Electronic engineers (circuit designers and magnetics
engineers), logical designers, [etc.]." <font face=Garamond><span
style='font-family:Garamond'>While being the same time frame as the Pegasus
usage in <st1:place w:st="on">Sheffield</st1:place> it should be noted that
these quotations are all american. I've no idea when the terms might have
entered common usage in <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Britain</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><!--end_qt--><!--end_q--><!--start_q--><!--start_d--><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Garamond'>Regarding the possible use of the
Pegasus by <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Sheffield</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> it seems
inconceivable that they would have had a department studying management
science. Even though Wharton was founded in 1881 there was no equivalent
here. I considered the very idea of me studying management, business, or
computer science in a British university pretty ridiculous. (I went to
Glasgow College of Commerce, now <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Caledonian</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Business</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">School</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.)
Looking through my old books I've come across one that must belong to my
wife. It was first published by the Org for European Economic Cooperation
in 1952 and describes a 'Technical Assistance Mission' to the <st1:country-region
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">US</st1:place></st1:country-region>.
"American universities run schools of business administration" of
which there are 166. Presumably worth noting as there were none
here. None of my old books refer to computer science but one of them
actually has a photograph of a Pegasus! Generally they use the term
EDP. Tom may know when computer science was first taught in a British
university. The majority of ICL sales in the 70s were still to
universities. <st1:City w:st="on">Eden</st1:City> states that the Pegasus
was jointly used by <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Sheffield</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> and United
Steel. It sounds to me as though <st1:place w:st="on">Sheffield</st1:place>
maths department would have been using it in conjunction with United Steel for
OR functions, among other things. It should be possible to discover when
United Steel computerised commercial functions but I would guess subsequent to
the Pegasus. It seems most likely they were using it to compute some of
the processes.</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>kind regards</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face=Garamond><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:Garamond'>neil</span></font><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Dr Roger Neil Barton<br>
Visiting <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Research</st1:PersonName> Fellow, Institute
of Historical <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Research</st1:PersonName><br>
<a href="http://www.uclmail.net/~neil.barton/">http://www.uclmail.net/~neil.barton/</a><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid black 1.5pt;padding:0cm 0cm 0cm 4.0pt;
margin-left:3.75pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:5.0pt'>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial'>----- Original Message ----- <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div style='font-color:black'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='background:#E4E4E4'><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font
size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:sandramols@yahoo.co.uk" title="sandramols@yahoo.co.uk">Sandra Mols</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>To:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <a
href="mailto:edenm@indiana.edu" title="edenm@indiana.edu">Medina, Eden</a> ; <a
href="mailto:members@sigcis.org" title="members@sigcis.org">Sigcis</a> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Monday, July 20,
2009 10:31 AM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Arial;font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial'> Re:
[SIGCIS-Members] computers and management science<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Interesting debate. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>I agree with the comments as regards to a necessary caution
when it comes to evaluate dedication and use of computers. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>As regards to the Pegasus claim at the origin of this discussion, two
points attract my mind in particular. <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>One is about the extent to which this claim - independently
of its veracity - relate to Ferranti's wishes to steal pieces of the managament
computing market out of LEO's hands (launched in 1951). In my research,
the Pegasus was mostly used towards scientific uses and - as far as this
claim gets me to think - it may well be that Ferranti tried to push it
forward as an 'administrative' machine - due to its comaprative smaller size -
to expand its market outreach towards management 'bureau' issues which had been
recently targeted by LEO.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>The other issue - expanding on Tom Haigh - is about the term of
'management science': what does it mean in 1956 when one takes into
account that management was a new fashionable thing in the post-WWII
context, being born out of OR WWII practices, with also OR remaining a very
unfixed, changing concept (more or less quantified) well until the 1960s? <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Hope this helps,<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'> <o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'>Sandra<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></font></p>
<div>
<div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'>
<hr size=1 width="100%" align=center>
</span></font></div>
<p class=MsoNormal><b><font size=2 face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;font-weight:bold'>From:</span></font></b><font size=2
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma'> "<st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Medina</st1:place></st1:City>, Eden"
<edenm@indiana.edu><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> "members@sigcis.org"
<members@sigcis.org><br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Friday, 17 July, 2009
19:37:44<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [SIGCIS-Members]
computers and management science<br>
</span></font><font size=2><span style='font-size:10.0pt'><br>
I knew this was the right group to ask. <br>
<br>
I too agree with the comments being made and thank everyone for their thoughts
on how best to address the claim. Additional responses can be sent to me
off list unless their is extensive interest in this topic. To bring some
closure to the topic I may have found a very easy way to address Beer's
statement. It seems that the Pegasus machine he referred to was split
between United Steel and <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Sheffield</st1:PlaceName>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>, thus throwing
into doubt claims that it was entirely dedicated to management science.<br>
<br>
Again, thanks for the help. <br>
<br>
<st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Eden</st1:place></st1:City><br>
<br>
________________________________________<br>
From: Joel West [<a href="mailto:joelwest@ieee.org"
ymailto="mailto:joelwest@ieee.org">joelwest@ieee.org</a>]<br>
Sent: Friday, July 17, 2009 1:17 PM<br>
To: Medina, Eden; <a href="mailto:members@sigcis.org"
ymailto="mailto:members@sigcis.org">members@sigcis.org</a><br>
Subject: Re: [SIGCIS-Members] computers and management science<br>
<br>
Dear <st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Eden</st1:place></st1:City>,<br>
<br>
I share many of Gerard's concerns about the unmeasurability of such claims and
even how dubious making them might be. (I also agree with Tom that
"management science" is too vague -- does he possibly mean operations
research?)<br>
<br>
However, as a positivist (are there any others on this list?) I am inclined to
take the claim at face value and see what they might mean.<br>
<br>
So while "first" is likely unprovable, I do think it would be interesting
to say "most computers were bought to do payroll or missile trajectories
and this one was bought to do management science." I suspect it would be
relatively easy to document the "typical" motivation or application
for computers in the era, even if the actual use (post hoc) is not easily
measured. (Ideally, you'd want a list of who had login accounts, and if
necessary assume each used their account proportionately).<br>
<br>
But in some ways, the inputs question is less interesting than the outputs
question. If Beer was the first boy in the invisible college of his discipline
to have a new toy, what did he do with it? Is there any evidence that this
strategic foresight (or dumb luck) enabled him to advance his field in ways
that his less-endowed rivals could not?<br>
<br>
I would find it terribly interesting if Beer has the best computing power but
the major advances in numerical approaches to management science were being
made elsewhere. IIRC, the field's major scientific prize (originally from ORSA,
now INFORMS) is named after a mathematician who made his most important
contributions before these sorts of computers existed.<br>
<br>
Joel<br>
<br>
<br>
On 6:25 PM +0200 7/17/09, Alberts, G. hath said:<br>
>What in heaven would be the purport of such claim? Computers were not only
expensive, they involved major investments, certainly machines the size of
Pegasus. Hence, the legitimation for making such investment was seldomly based
on the single use for one field of application, or rather for one department in
an enterprise or university. Historians usually can trace the considerations
leading to the actual purchase in the company archives. Also one may be able to
guess where (in which subdepartment) the first initiative to such deep
investment in modernizing business originated.<br>
>How the machine was in fact used, once installed, is much harder to
reconstruct. Did the administrative support staff actually get to use the
computer or were they pushed out by the scientific computers from the
laboratory departments. Were management scientists favored before the
statisticians and the down to earth daily bookkeeping? In the incidental case
where a logbook is preserved, or where a very early computing center kept
statistics, one may be able to tell something about who was using the machine.<br>
>So, what could be the meaning of "dedicated to"? Was that
"dedicated" on the level of legitimation of the purchase, or was it
"dedicated" in terms of seconds and minutes of use of the system? Let
alone that we could judge the claim of "entirely" or even
"first".<br>
><br>
>Rather, to us historians being aware of inclusion and exclusion mechanisms
around the use of computers, simply power struggles if you will, the claim of
"dedicated entirely" made in a first person account has a clear
intent. Other users, other interested parties, were succesfully made invisible,
at least in the account of the "management science" department.
Probably bookkkeeping use didnot count, or was counted under management science
in the first place, etcetera.<br>
><br>
>Rather than investigating the claim, my suggestion would be to investigate
the fact that such claim was made, when and by whom.<br>
<br>
<br>
On 11:11 AM -0400 7/17/09, <st1:City w:st="on">Medina</st1:City>, <st1:City
w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Eden</st1:place></st1:City> wrote:<br>
>I am hoping that your collective wisdom might help me check out a
claim. The British cybernetician <st1:PersonName w:st="on">Staff</st1:PersonName>ord
Beer claims that the Ferranti Pegasus 1 machine he bought in 1956 was the only
computer at that time dedicated entirely to applications in management
science. Do you know of any other examples of computers fully dedicated
to management science applications during this time period?<br>
<br>
--<br>
Joel West, Ph.D. <a
href="http://www.joelwest.org/" target="_blank">http://www.JoelWest.org/</a><br>
Professor, Innovation & Entrepreneurship<br>
<st1:PlaceType w:st="on">College</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Business</st1:PlaceName>,
<st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">San Jose</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType
w:st="on">State</st1:PlaceType> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place><br>
BT 555, <st1:address w:st="on"><st1:Street w:st="on">One Washington Square</st1:Street>,
<st1:City w:st="on">San Jose</st1:City>, <st1:State w:st="on">CA</st1:State> <st1:PostalCode
w:st="on">95192-0070</st1:PostalCode></st1:address><br>
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